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Apa tikuwonetsa kunyowetsa kochititsa chidwi, modzidzimutsa ndi kusankha konyowetsa kwa ma aloyi azitsulo amadzimadzi a gallium pazitsulo zokhala ndi zitsulo zazing'ono.Gallium-based liquid metal alloys ndi zida zodabwitsa zomwe zimakhala ndi zovuta kwambiri.Choncho, n'zovuta kuwapanga kukhala mafilimu oonda.Complete wetting wa eutectic aloyi wa gallium ndi indium zinatheka pa microstructured mkuwa pamwamba pamaso pa HCl nthunzi, amene anachotsa masoka okusayidi ku madzi zitsulo aloyi.Kunyowetsa uku kumafotokozeredwa motengera mtundu wa Wenzel ndi njira ya osmosis, kuwonetsa kuti kukula kwa microstructure ndikofunikira pakunyowetsa zitsulo zamadzimadzi mothandizidwa ndi osmosis.Kuphatikiza apo, tikuwonetsa kuti kunyowetsa zitsulo zamadzimadzi kumatha kuyendetsedwa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono pazitsulo kuti mupange mapatani.Njira yosavuta iyi imavala ndi mawonekedwe azitsulo zamadzimadzi pamtunda waukulu popanda mphamvu yakunja kapena kugwira ntchito movutikira.Tawonetsa kuti magawo azitsulo amadzimadzi amasunga malumikizano amagetsi ngakhale atatambasulidwa komanso atatambasula mobwerezabwereza.
Gallium based liquid metal alloys (GaLM) akopa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha zinthu zowoneka bwino monga malo otsika osungunuka, kutsika kwamagetsi kwamagetsi, kukhathamira kochepa komanso kutuluka, kawopsedwe kakang'ono komanso kupunduka kwakukulu1,2.Gallium yoyera imakhala ndi malo osungunuka pafupifupi 30 ° C, ndipo ikaphatikizidwa muzolemba za eutectic ndi zitsulo zina monga In ndi Sn, malo osungunuka amakhala pansi pa kutentha kwa chipinda.Ma GLM awiri ofunikira ndi gallium indium eutectic alloy (EGaIn, 75% Ga ndi 25% In polemera, malo osungunuka: 15.5 °C) ndi gallium indium tin eutectic alloy (GaInSn kapena galinstan, 68.5% Ga, 21.5% In, ndi 10% % malata, malo osungunuka: ~11 °C)1.2.Chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zamagetsi mu gawo lamadzimadzi, ma GaLM akufufuzidwa mwachangu ngati njira zamagetsi zokhazikika kapena zopunduka pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza masensa amagetsi3,4,5,6,7,8,9 10, 11,12 , 13, 14 ndi kutsogolera 15, 16, 17. Kupanga zipangizo zoterezi mwa kuika, kusindikiza, ndi zojambula kuchokera ku GaLM kumafuna kudziwa ndi kuyang'anira mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a GaLM ndi gawo lake laling'ono.Ma GaLM ali ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu (624 mNm-1 kwa EGaIn18,19 ndi 534 mNm-1 kwa Galinstan20,21) zomwe zingawapangitse kukhala ovuta kuwagwira kapena kuwongolera.Kupanga kolimba kolimba kwachilengedwe gallium oxide pamtunda wa GaLM pansi pamikhalidwe yozungulira kumapereka chipolopolo chomwe chimakhazikitsa GaLM mu mawonekedwe osakhala ozungulira.Katunduyu amalola kuti GaLM isindikizidwe, kuyikiridwa mu ma microchannel, ndikufaniziridwa ndi kukhazikika kwapamawonekedwe komwe kumachitika ndi oxides19,22,23,24,25,26,27.Chipolopolo cholimba cha oxide chimapangitsanso kuti GaLM igwirizane ndi malo osalala kwambiri, koma imalepheretsa zitsulo zotsika kwambiri za viscosity kuyenda momasuka.Kufalikira kwa GaLM pamalo ambiri kumafuna kukakamiza kuthyola chipolopolo cha oxide28,29.
Zipolopolo za okosijeni zimatha kuchotsedwa, mwachitsanzo, ma acid amphamvu kapena maziko.Kukapanda ma oxides, mawonekedwe a GaLM amagwera pafupifupi pamalo onse chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwawo kwakukulu, koma pali kuchotserapo: GaLM imanyowetsa magawo azitsulo.Ga amapanga zomangira zachitsulo ndi zitsulo zina kudzera munjira yotchedwa "reactive wetting"30,31,32.Kunyowetsa kumeneku kumawunikidwa nthawi zambiri ngati palibe ma oxides apamtunda kuti athe kukhudzana ndi zitsulo.Komabe, ngakhale ndi ma oxide achilengedwe ku GaLM, akuti zolumikizana ndi zitsulo ndi zitsulo zimapanga ma oxides akathyoka polumikizana ndi zitsulo zosalala29.Kunyowetsa mwachangu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ma angles ocheperako komanso kunyowetsa kwazitsulo zambiri zazitsulo33,34,35.
Mpaka pano, kafukufuku wambiri wachitika pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zabwino zonyowetsa zitsulo za GaLM ndi zitsulo kuti apange mawonekedwe a GaLM.Mwachitsanzo, GaLM yagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zolimba zachitsulo popaka, kupukuta, kupopera mankhwala, kapena mthunzi masking34, 35, 36, 37, 38. Kunyowetsa kwapadera kwa GaLM pazitsulo zolimba kumapangitsa kuti GaLM ikhale yokhazikika komanso yodziwika bwino.Komabe, kugwedezeka kwapamwamba kwa GaLM kumalepheretsa kupanga mafilimu owonda kwambiri ngakhale pazitsulo zazitsulo.Kuti athetse vutoli, Lacour et al.Adanenanso za njira yopangira mafilimu osalala, athyathyathya a GaLM m'malo akuluakulu potulutsa gallium yoyera pamiyala yokhala ndi golide37,39.Njira iyi imafunikira kuyika vacuum, yomwe ndiyochedwa kwambiri.Kuphatikiza apo, GaLM nthawi zambiri siyiloledwa pazida zotere chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa embrittlement40.Evaporation imayikanso zinthuzo pagawo laling'ono, kotero kuti pateni pamafunika kupanga chithunzicho.Tikuyang'ana njira yopangira mafilimu osalala a GaLM ndi mapangidwe ake popanga zinthu zachitsulo zomwe GaLM imanyowetsa zokha komanso mosankha popanda ma oxide achilengedwe.Apa tikunena za kunyowetsa kwachisawawa kwa EGaIn yopanda oxide (yofanana ndi GaLM) pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apadera amadzimadzi pamagawo azitsulo opangidwa ndi zithunzi.Timapanga mawonekedwe amtundu wa photolithographically pamlingo wang'ono kuti tiphunzire imbibition, potero timawongolera kunyowetsa kwazitsulo zamadzimadzi zopanda oxide.Makhalidwe abwino akunyowetsa a EGaIn pazitsulo zokhala ndi ma microstructured zitsulo amafotokozedwa ndi kusanthula manambala kutengera mtundu wa Wenzel ndi njira yoyamwitsa.Pomaliza, tikuwonetsa momwe EGaIn imayikira m'dera lalikulu ndikudzitengera nokha, kunyowetsa mwachisawawa komanso mosankha pamalo oyika zitsulo.Ma elekitirodi olimba ndi ma strain gauges ophatikizira ma EGaIn amawonetsedwa ngati ntchito zomwe zingatheke.
Mayamwidwe ndi kayendedwe ka capillary momwe madziwo amalowera pamwamba pa 41, zomwe zimathandizira kufalikira kwamadzimadzi.Tinafufuza za kunyowetsa kwa EGaIn pazitsulo zazing'ono zomwe zimayikidwa mu mpweya wa HCl (mkuyu 1).Mkuwa unasankhidwa kukhala chitsulo chapansi pake. Pamalo amkuwa athyathyathya, EGaIn adawonetsa kutsika kocheperako kwa <20 ° pamaso pa nthunzi ya HCl, chifukwa cha wetting31 wowonjezera (Fig. 1). Pamalo amkuwa athyathyathya, EGaIn adawonetsa kutsika kocheperako kwa <20 ° pamaso pa nthunzi ya HCl, chifukwa cha wetting31 wowonjezera (Fig. 1). На плоских медных поверхностях EGaIn adapanga низкий краевой угол <20 ° в присутствии паров HCl из-за реактивного смачиванивания31 (дополния31). Pamalo amkuwa athyathyathya, EGaIn idawonetsa kutsika kwa <20° pamakhala mpweya wa HCl chifukwa cha wetting31 (Chithunzi chowonjezera 1).在平坦的铜表面上，由于反应润湿，EGaIn 在存在HCl 蒸气的情况下显示<20° 的低接触角31（角31).在平坦的铜表面上，由于反应润湿，EGaIn在存在HCl На плоских медных поверхностях EGaIn демонстрирует низкие краевые углы <20 ° pa присутствии паров HCl из-за реактивного смальпивания (1). Pamalo amkuwa athyathyathya, EGaIn imawonetsa ma angles otsika <20° pamaso pa nthunzi wa HCl chifukwa cha kunyowetsa mwachangu (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 1).Tinayeza ma angles oyandikira a EGaIn pa mkuwa wochuluka komanso pamakanema amkuwa omwe amaikidwa pa polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
a Columnar (D (m'mimba mwake) = l (mtunda) = 25 µm, d (mtunda pakati pa mizati) = 50 µm, H (kutalika) = 25 µm) ndi piramidi (m'lifupi = 25 µm, kutalika = 18 µm) ma microstructures pa Cu / PDMS magawo.b Kusintha kotengera nthawi pakona yakulumikizana pamagawo ang'onoang'ono (popanda ma microstructures) ndi mipingo ndi mapiramidi okhala ndi PDMS yokutira zamkuwa.c, d Kujambulira kwakanthawi kwa (c) mawonekedwe am'mbali ndi (d) mawonekedwe apamwamba a EGaIn kunyowetsa pamwamba ndi zipilala pamaso pa nthunzi wa HCl.
Kuti muwone zotsatira za topography pa kunyowa, magawo a PDMS okhala ndi columnar ndi pyramidal pattern adakonzedwa, pomwe mkuwa unayikidwa ndi titaniyamu wosanjikiza (mkuyu 1a).Zinawonetsedwa kuti mawonekedwe a microstructured a gawo lapansi la PDMS anali ophimbidwa ndi mkuwa (Supplementary Fig. 2).Ma angles okhudzana ndi nthawi a EGaIn pa PDMS yopangidwa ndi copper-sputtered (Cu/PDMS) akuwonetsedwa mu Mkuyu.1b .Kokona yolumikizana ya EGaIn pa copper/PDMS yojambulidwa imatsika mpaka 0° mkati mwa ~ 1 min.Kunyowetsa bwino kwa ma microstructures a EGaIn kutha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Wenzel equation\({{{{\rm{cos}}}}}}\,{\theta}_{{{rough}}=r\,{{{{{ \rm{cos}}}}}}\,{\theta}_{0}\), pomwe \({\theta}_{{rough}}\) imayimira ngodya yolumikizana ya pamwamba, \ (r \) Kukula Kwapamtunda (= malo enieni/malo owonekera) ndi ngodya yolumikizirana mundege \({\theta}_{0}\).Zotsatira zakunyowetsa kowonjezera kwa EGaIn pamalo opangidwa ndi mawonekedwe amagwirizana bwino ndi mtundu wa Wenzel, popeza ma r a malo opangira kumbuyo ndi mapiramidi ndi 1.78 ndi 1.73, motsatana.Izi zikutanthawuzanso kuti dontho la EGaIn lomwe lili pamtunda wokhazikika lidzalowa m'mizere ya mpumulo wapansi.Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti mafilimu amtundu wa yunifolomu amapangidwa pamenepa, mosiyana ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi EGaIn pamtunda wosakhazikika (Supplementary Fig. 1).
Kuchokera mkuyu.1c, d (Supplementary Movie 1) zitha kuwoneka kuti pambuyo pa 30 s, pamene mbali yowonekera yolumikizana ikuyandikira 0 °, EGaIn imayamba kufalikira kutali ndi m'mphepete mwa dontho, lomwe limayamba chifukwa cha kuyamwa (Supplementary Movie 2 ndi Supplementary). Chithunzi 3).Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wa malo athyathyathya adagwirizanitsa kukula kwa nthawi ya kunyowetsa kochitachita ndi kusintha kuchokera ku inertial kupita ku viscous wetting.Kukula kwa mtunda ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti mudziwe ngati kudzipangira nokha kumachitika.Poyerekeza mphamvu yapamtunda isanayambe komanso itatha imbibition kuchokera ku thermodynamic point of view, njira yolumikizirana yofunikira \ ({\ theta}_{c}\) ya imbibition inachokera (onani Supplementary Discussion kuti mudziwe zambiri).Zotsatira \({\theta}_{c}\) zafotokozedwa kuti \({{({\rm{cos)))))))\,{\theta}_{c}=(1-{\\) phi } _{S})/(r-{\phi}_{S})\) pomwe \({\phi}_{s}\) imayimira gawo laling'ono pamwamba pa positi ndi \(r\\) ) imayimira kukhwima kwa pamwamba. Imbibition ikhoza kuchitika pamene \({\theta }_{c}\) > \({\theta }_{0}\), mwachitsanzo, ngodya yolumikizana pamtunda. Imbibition ikhoza kuchitika pamene \({\theta }_{c}\) > \({\theta }_{0}\), mwachitsanzo, ngodya yolumikizana pamtunda. Впитывание может происходить, когда \ ({\ theta } _ {c} \) > \ ({\ theta } _ {0} \), т.е.контактный угол на плоской поверхности. Mayamwidwe amatha kuchitika pamene \({\theta }_{c}\) > \({\theta }_{0}\), mwachitsanzo, ngodya yapamtunda.当\({\theta }_{c}\) > \({\theta }_{0}\)，即平面上的接触角时，会发生吸吸。当\({\theta }_{c}\) > \({\theta }_{0}\)，即平面上的接触角时，会发生吸吸。 Всасывание происходит, когда \ ({\ theta} _ {c} \) > \ ({\ theta} _ {0} \), контактный угол на плоскости. Kukoka kumachitika pamene \({\theta }_{c}\) > \({\theta }_{0}\), ngodya yolumikizana pa ndege.Pamalo opangidwa pambuyo, \(r\) ndi \({\phi}_{s}\) amawerengedwa monga \(1+\{(2\pi {RH}))/{d}^{2} \ } \ ) ndi \(\pi {R}^{2}/{d}^{2}\), pomwe \(R\) imayimira utali wagawo, \(H\) imayimira kutalika kwa ndime, ndi \ ( d \) ndi mtunda pakati pa malo a zipilala ziwiri (mkuyu 1a).Kwa malo opangidwa pambuyo pa mkuyu.1a, ngodya \({\theta}_{c}\) ndi 60°, yomwe ndi yaikulu kuposa \({\theta}_{0}\) ndege (~25° ) mu HCl vapor Oxide-free EGaIn pa Cu/PDMS.Chifukwa chake, madontho a EGaIn amatha kulowa m'malo opangidwa ndi mkuwa mumkuyu 1a chifukwa cha kuyamwa.
Kuti tifufuze momwe kukula kwapatopo kumapangidwira pakunyowetsa ndi kuyamwa kwa EGaIn, tidasintha kukula kwa zipilala zokutira zamkuwa.Pa mkuyu.2 ikuwonetsa ma angles olumikizana ndi mayamwidwe a EGaIn pamagawo awa.Mtunda L pakati pa mizati ndi wofanana ndi awiri a mizati D ndi ranges kuchokera 25 mpaka 200 μm.Kutalika kwa 25 µm ndikokhazikika pamizere yonse.\ ({\ theta}_{c}\) imachepa ndi kukula kwa magawo (Table 1), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuyamwa kumakhala kochepa pa magawo omwe ali ndi mizati yayikulu.Pama size onse oyesedwa, \({\theta}_{c}\) ndi wamkulu kuposa \({\theta}_{0}\) ndipo wicking amayembekezeredwa.Komabe, kuyamwa sikumawonedwa kawirikawiri kwa malo opangidwa ndi l ndi D 200 µm (mkuyu 2e).
Kulumikizana kodalira nthawi kwa EGaIn pamtunda wa Cu/PDMS wokhala ndi mizere ya makulidwe osiyanasiyana pambuyo pokumana ndi nthunzi wa HCl.b–e Mawonedwe apamwamba komanso ammbali a EGaIn kunyowetsa.b D = l = 25 µm, r = 1.78.mu D = l = 50 μm, r = 1.39.dD = l = 100 µm, r = 1.20.eD = l = 200 µm, r = 1.10.Ma post onse ali ndi kutalika kwa 25 µm.Zithunzizi zidajambulidwa patadutsa mphindi 15 mutakumana ndi nthunzi wa HCl.Madontho a EGaIn ndi madzi obwera chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika pakati pa gallium oxide ndi mpweya wa HCl.Mipiringidzo yonse mu (b - e) ndi 2 mm.
Njira ina yodziwira kuthekera kwa mayamwidwe amadzimadzi ndi kukhazikika kwamadzimadzi pamtunda pambuyo poti wagwiritsidwa ntchito.Kurbin et al.Zanenedwa kuti (1) mizati ikakwera mokwanira, madontho amatengedwa ndi mawonekedwe;(2) mtunda pakati pa mizati ndi wochepa;ndi (3) mbali yolumikizana yamadzimadzi pamtunda ndi yaying'ono mokwanira42.Mwachiwerengero \({\theta}_{0}\) chamadzimadzi mundege yomwe ili ndi gawo limodzi la gawo lapansi liyenera kukhala lochepera pa ngodya yofunika kwambiri yolumikizira, \({\theta}_{c,{pin))} \ ), kuti mulowe popanda kusindikiza pakati pa zolemba, pamene \({\theta}_{c,{pin}}={{{{\rm{arctan}}}}}}}(H/\big \{ ( \ sqrt {2}-1)l\big\})\) (onani zokambirana zowonjezera kuti mumve zambiri).Mtengo wa \({\theta}_{c,{pin}}\) umadalira kukula kwa pini (Table 1).Tsimikizirani gawo lopanda malire L = l/H kuti muwone ngati kuyamwa kumachitika.Pa kuyamwa, L ayenera kukhala wocheperapo kuposa muyezo, \({L}_{c}\) = 1/\(\big\{\big(\sqrt{2}-1\big){{\tan} } {\ theta}_{{0}}\lalikulu\}\).Kwa EGaIn \({\theta}_{0}={25}^{\circ})\) pagawo lamkuwa \({L}_{c}\) ndi 5.2.Popeza mzere wa L wa 200 μm ndi 8, womwe ndi waukulu kuposa mtengo wa \({L}_{c}\), kuyamwa kwa EGaIn sikuchitika.Kuti tipitirize kuyesa zotsatira za geometry, tinawona kudziyesa tokha kwa H ndi L (Supplementary Fig. 5 ndi Supplementary Table 1).Zotsatira zimagwirizana bwino ndi mawerengedwe athu.Chifukwa chake, L imakhala yolosera bwino ya kuyamwa;chitsulo chamadzimadzi chimasiya kuyamwa chifukwa cha pining pamene mtunda wapakati pa zipilala ndi waukulu poyerekeza ndi kutalika kwa zipilala.
Kunyowa kungadziwike potengera kapangidwe ka gawo lapansi.Tinafufuza momwe zimapangidwira pamwamba pa kunyowetsa ndi kuyamwa kwa EGaIn mwa kuika Si ndi Cu pazipilala ndi ndege (Supplementary Fig. 6).Kulumikizana kwa EGaIn kumatsika kuchokera ku ~ 160 ° mpaka ~ 80 ° pomwe gawo la binary la Si/Cu likuwonjezeka kuchoka pa 0 mpaka 75% pazitsulo zamkuwa.Pa 75% Cu/25% Si pamwamba, \({\theta}_{0}\) ndi ~80°, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi \({L}_{c}\) zofanana ndi 0.43 molingana ndi tanthauzo pamwambapa. .Chifukwa mizati l = H = 25 μm ndi L yofanana ndi 1 yokulirapo kuposa malire \({L}_{c}\), 75% Cu / 25% Si pamwamba pambuyo pa patterning samayamwa chifukwa cha kusasunthika.Popeza mbali yolumikizana ya EGaIn imawonjezeka ndikuwonjezera kwa Si, H kapena kutsika kwa L kumafunika kuti mugonjetse kupindika ndi kuyimba.Chifukwa chake, popeza ngodya yolumikizirana (ie \({\theta}_{0}\)) imatengera kapangidwe kake kapamwamba, imathanso kudziwa ngati imbibition imachitika mu microstructure.
Mayamwidwe a EGaIn pamtundu wa mkuwa/PDMS amatha kunyowetsa chitsulo chamadzimadzi kuti chikhale chothandiza.Pofuna kuyesa chiwerengero chocheperako cha mizere yochititsa chidwi, kunyowa kwa EGaIn kunawonedwa pa Cu / PDMS ndi mizere ya post-pattern yomwe ili ndi manambala a mzere wosiyana kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 101 (mkuyu 3).Kunyowetsa kumachitika makamaka m'dera la post-patterning.EGaIn wicking inawonedwa modalirika ndipo kutalika kwa wicking kunawonjezeka ndi chiwerengero cha mizere ya mizati.Mayamwidwe pafupifupi konse zimachitika pamene pali nsanamira ndi mizere iwiri kapena zochepa.Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa capillary.Kuti kuyamwa kuchitike mu ndondomeko ya columnar, kuthamanga kwa capillary komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi kupindika kwa mutu wa EGaIn kuyenera kugonjetsedwa (Supplementary Fig. 7).Kungotengera utali wopindika wa 12.5 µm pamzere umodzi wa mutu wa EGaIn wokhala ndi mtundu wa columnar, kuthamanga kwa capillary ndi ~ 0.98 atm (~ 740 Torr).Kuthamanga kwambiri kwa Laplace kumeneku kumatha kuletsa kunyowetsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyamwa kwa EGaIn.Komanso, mizere yocheperako imatha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mayamwidwe yomwe imachitika chifukwa cha capillary action pakati pa EGaIn ndi mizati.
a Madontho a EGaIn pa Cu/PDMS yokhazikika yokhala ndi mapatani a m'lifupi mwake (w) mumpweya (asanakumane ndi nthunzi wa HCl).Mizere yoyambira pamwamba: 101 (w = 5025 µm), 51 (w = 2525 µm), 21 (w = 1025 µm), ndi 11 (w = 525 µm).b Kunyowetsa kwa EGaIn molunjika pa (a) mutakumana ndi nthunzi wa HCl kwa mphindi 10.c, d Kunyowetsa kwa EGaIn pa Cu/PDMS yokhala ndi mizere yozungulira (c) mizere iwiri (w = 75 µm) ndi (d) mzere umodzi (w = 25 µm).Zithunzizi zidatengedwa patatha mphindi 10 mutakumana ndi nthunzi wa HCl.Mipiringidzo pa (a, b) ndi (c, d) ndi 5 mm ndi 200 µm, motsatana.Mivi mu (c) imasonyeza kupindika kwa mutu wa EGaIn chifukwa cha kuyamwa.
Mayamwidwe a EGaIn mu post-patterned Cu/PDMS amalola EGaIn kupangidwa mwa kusankha wetting (mkuyu. 4).Dontho la EGaIn likayikidwa pamalo opangidwa ndi mawonekedwe ndikukhala ndi nthunzi wa HCl, dontho la EGaIn limagwa poyamba, ndikupanga ngodya yaying'ono yolumikizana pomwe asidi amachotsa sikelo.Pambuyo pake, kuyamwa kumayambira pamphepete mwa dontho.Kujambula kwa malo akuluakulu kungapezeke kuchokera ku EGaIn ya masentimita (mkuyu 4a, c).Popeza kuyamwa kumachitika pamtunda wokha, EGaIn imangonyowetsa gawolo ndipo imasiya kunyowa ikafika pamalo athyathyathya.Chifukwa chake, malire akuthwa a machitidwe a EGaIn amawonedwa (mkuyu 4d, e).Pa mkuyu.4b ikuwonetsa momwe EGaIn imalowera kudera losakhazikika, makamaka mozungulira pomwe dontho la EGaIn lidayikidwa poyambirira.Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti m'mimba mwake kakang'ono kwambiri ka m'malovu a EGaIn omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu adadutsa m'lifupi mwa zilembo zojambulidwa.Madontho a EGaIn adayikidwa pamalowo ndi jakisoni wamanja kudzera mu singano ya 27-G ndi syringe, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti madontho osachepera 1 mm.Vutoli litha kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito madontho ang'onoang'ono a EGaIn.Ponseponse, Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa kuti kunyowetsa mwachisawawa kwa EGaIn kumatha kukopeka ndikuwongoleredwa ku malo okhala ndi microstructured.Poyerekeza ndi ntchito yapitayi, kunyowetsa kumeneku kumakhala kofulumira ndipo palibe mphamvu yakunja yofunikira kuti ikwaniritse kunyowetsa kwathunthu (Table Supplementary Table 2).
chizindikiro cha yunivesite, chilembo b, c mu mawonekedwe a mphezi.Dera loyamwa limakutidwa ndi mizati yambiri yokhala ndi D = l = 25 µm.d, zithunzi zowonjezera za nthiti mu e (c).Mipiringidzo pa (a–c) ndi (d, e) ndi 5 mm ndi 500 µm, motsatana.Pa (c-e), madontho ang'onoang'ono pamtunda pambuyo poti adsorption amasanduka madzi chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika pakati pa gallium oxide ndi mpweya wa HCl.Palibe zotsatira zazikulu za mapangidwe amadzi pakunyowetsa zomwe zidawonedwa.Madzi amachotsedwa mosavuta kudzera mu njira yosavuta yowumitsa.
Chifukwa chamadzimadzi a EGaIn, EGaIn yokutidwa ndi Cu/PDMS (EGaIn/Cu/PDMS) itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma elekitirodi osinthika komanso otambasuka.Chithunzi 5a chikufanizira kusintha kwa kukana kwa Cu/PDMS koyambirira ndi EGaIn/Cu/PDMS pansi pa katundu wosiyanasiyana.Kukaniza kwa Cu/PDMS kumakwera kwambiri pakukanika, pomwe kukana kwa EGaIn/Cu/PDMS kumakhalabe kocheperako.Pa mkuyu.5b ndi d zikuwonetsa zithunzi za SEM ndi data yofananira ya EMF ya Cu/PDMS yaiwisi ndi EGaIn/Cu/PDMS isanayambe komanso itatha kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi.Kwa Cu/PDMS yosasunthika, kupunduka kungayambitse ming'alu mu filimu yolimba ya Cu yomwe imayikidwa pa PDMS chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa elasticity.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, EGaIn/Cu/PDMS, EGaIn imaphimbabe gawo lapansi la Cu/PDMS ndipo imasunga magetsi mosalekeza popanda ming'alu kapena kupunduka kwakukulu ngakhale kupsinjika kwakanthawi.Deta ya EDS idatsimikizira kuti gallium ndi indium kuchokera ku EGaIn zidagawidwa mofanana pagawo la Cu/PDMS.Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti makulidwe a filimu ya EGaIn ndi yofanana ndikufanana ndi kutalika kwa zipilala. Izi zimatsimikiziridwanso ndi kusanthula kwina kwapamwamba, kumene kusiyana kwapakati pakati pa makulidwe a filimu ya EGaIn ndi kutalika kwa positi ndi <10% (Supplementary Fig. 8 ndi Table 3). Izi zimatsimikiziridwanso ndi kusanthula kwina kwapamwamba, kumene kusiyana kwapakati pakati pa makulidwe a filimu ya EGaIn ndi kutalika kwa positi ndi <10% (Supplementary Fig. 8 ndi Table 3). Это отдтверждается дальнейшим топографическим анализом, относительная разница между толщиной пленки EGaIn ndi выпльзото % ndime 8 ndi 3). Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula kwina kwapadziko lapansi, pomwe kusiyana pakati pa makulidwe a filimu ya EGaIn ndi kutalika kwa mzere ndi <10% (Supplementary Fig. 8 ndi Table 3).进一步的形貌分析也证实了這一点，其中EGaIn 薄膜厚度与柱子高度之间的相对差异<10%先衾 <10% Zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwamtundu wa EGaIn, ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwamtundu wamtundu wa EGaIn pamtengo wamtengo wapatali ndime 8 ndi 3). Izi zinatsimikiziridwanso ndi kusanthula kwina kwa malo, kumene kusiyana pakati pa EGaIn makulidwe a filimu ndi kutalika kwa mzere kunali <10% (Supplementary Fig. 8 ndi Table 3).Kunyowetsa kozikidwa pamadzi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti makulidwe a zokutira za EGaIn ziziyendetsedwa bwino ndikukhazikika pamadera akulu, zomwe zimakhala zovuta chifukwa chamadzi ake.Zithunzi 5c ndi e yerekezerani madulidwe ndi kukana kusinthika kwa Cu/PDMS yoyambirira ndi EGaIn/Cu/PDMS.Muchiwonetsero, LED imayatsidwa ikalumikizidwa ndi maelekitirodi a Cu/PDMS kapena EGaIn/Cu/PDMS osakhudzidwa.Pamene Cu/PDMS yosasunthika itambasulidwa, LED imazimitsa.Komabe, ma elekitirodi a EGaIn/Cu/PDMS adakhalabe olumikizidwa ndi magetsi ngakhale atanyamula katundu, ndipo nyali ya LED idachepera pang'ono chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma elekitirodi.
Kusintha kokhazikika kokhazikika ndikuchulukirachulukira pa Cu/PDMS ndi EGaIn/Cu/PDMS.b, d Zithunzi za SEM ndi kusanthula kwamphamvu kwa X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) kusanachitike (pamwamba) ndi pambuyo (pansi) polydiplexes zodzaza mu (b) Cu/PDMS ndi (d) EGaIn/Cu/methylsiloxane.c, e ma LED ophatikizidwa ku (c) Cu/PDMS ndi (e) EGaIn/Cu/PDMS isanakwane (pamwamba) ndi pambuyo (pansi) kutambasula (~ 30% kupsinjika).Sikelo mu (b) ndi (d) ndi 50 µm.
Pa mkuyu.6a ikuwonetsa kukana kwa EGaIn/Cu/PDMS ngati ntchito yamavuto kuchokera ku 0% mpaka 70%.Kuwonjezeka ndi kubwezeretsa kukana kumayenderana ndi mapindikidwe, omwe amagwirizana bwino ndi lamulo la Pouillet la zipangizo zosasunthika (R / R0 = (1 + ε) 2), kumene R ndi kukana, R0 ndi kukana koyamba, ε ndi 43. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti Pamene anatambasula, particles olimba mu sing'anga madzi akhoza kukonzanso okha ndi kukhala kwambiri anagawira ndi kugwirizana bwino, potero kuchepetsa kuwonjezeka kukoka 43, 44 . Mu ntchitoyi, komabe, woyendetsa ndi> 99% zitsulo zamadzimadzi ndi voliyumu popeza mafilimu a Cu ndi 100 nm okha. Mu ntchitoyi, komabe, woyendetsa ndi> 99% zitsulo zamadzimadzi ndi voliyumu popeza mafilimu a Cu ndi 100 nm okha. Однако в этой работе проводник состоит из >99% жидкого металла по объему, так как пленки Cu имеют толщину всего 100 нм. Komabe, mu ntchitoyi, woyendetsa amakhala ndi> 99% zitsulo zamadzimadzi ndi voliyumu, popeza mafilimu a Cu ndi 100 nm okha.然而，在這项工作中，由于Cu 薄膜只有100 nm 厚，因此导体是>99% 的液态金属（按体积计）.然而，在這项工作中，由于Cu 薄膜只有100 nm 厚，因此导体是>99%Komabe, mu ntchito iyi, popeza Cu filimu ndi 100 nm wandiweyani, kondakitala tichipeza 99% madzi zitsulo (ndi voliyumu).Chifukwa chake, sitiyembekezera Cu kuti athandizire kwambiri pamagetsi amagetsi a conductor.
Kusintha kokhazikika pakukana kwa EGaIn/Cu/PDMS motsutsana ndi kupsinjika kwapakati pa 0-70%.Kupsyinjika kwakukulu komwe kunafikira kusanachitike kwa PDMS kunali 70% (Supplementary Fig. 9).Madontho ofiira ndi mfundo zongopeka zonenedweratu ndi lamulo la Puet.b EGaIn/Cu/PDMS conductivity testity test panthawi yotambasula mobwerezabwereza.Kupsinjika kwa 30% kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyesa kwa cyclic.Kutalika kwa tsinde ndi 0.5 cm.L ndiye kutalika koyambirira kwa EGaIn/Cu/PDMS musanatambasule.
Choyezera (GF) chimawonetsa kukhudzika kwa sensa ndipo imatanthauzidwa ngati chiŵerengero cha kusintha kwa kukana kusintha kwa strain45.GF idakwera kuchokera ku 1.7 pa 10% kupsyinjika mpaka 2.6 pa 70% kupsyinjika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa geometric kwachitsulo.Poyerekeza ndi ma geji amtundu wina, mtengo wa GF EGaIn/Cu/PDMS ndiwodziletsa.Monga sensa, ngakhale kuti GF yake siikhala yokwera kwambiri, EGaIn/Cu/PDMS ikuwonetsa kusintha kolimba kwamphamvu poyankha kutsika kwachidziwitso chaphokoso.Kuti muwone kukhazikika kwa ma conductivity a EGaIn/Cu/PDMS, kukana kwa magetsi kunayang'aniridwa panthawi yotambasula mobwerezabwereza pa 30% kupsinjika.Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.6b, pambuyo pa 4000 yotambasula yozungulira, mtengo wotsutsa unakhalabe mkati mwa 10%, zomwe zingakhale chifukwa cha kupangika kosalekeza kwa sikelo panthawi yotambasula mobwerezabwereza46.Choncho, kukhazikika kwamagetsi kwa nthawi yaitali kwa EGaIn / Cu / PDMS monga electrode yotambasula komanso kudalirika kwa chizindikiro monga kuwunika kwa zovuta kunatsimikiziridwa.
M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za kunyowetsa bwino kwa GaLM pazitsulo zazitsulo zopangidwa ndi microstructured chifukwa cholowetsa.Kunyowetsa kwathunthu kwa EGaIn modzidzimutsa kunatheka pazitsulo zachitsulo ndi mapiramidi pamaso pa nthunzi wa HCl.Izi zitha kufotokozedwa pamawerengero kutengera mtundu wa Wenzel ndi njira yowotcha, yomwe ikuwonetsa kukula kwa post-microstructure yofunikira pakunyowetsa kwa wicking.Kunyowetsa modzidzimutsa komanso kosankha kwa EGaIn, motsogozedwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi microstructured, kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zokutira zofananira m'malo akuluakulu ndikupanga zitsulo zamadzimadzi.Magawo a EGaIn-coated Cu/PDMS amasunga maulumikizidwe amagetsi ngakhale atatambasulidwa komanso atatambasula mobwerezabwereza, monga momwe SEM, EDS, ndi miyeso yokana magetsi imatsimikiziridwa.Kuphatikiza apo, kukana kwamagetsi kwa Cu/PDMS komwe kumakutidwa ndi EGaIn kumasintha mosinthika komanso modalirika molingana ndi zovuta zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sensa yamagetsi.Ubwino zotheka operekedwa ndi madzi zitsulo wetting mfundo chifukwa imbibition ndi motere: (1) ❖ kuyanika GaLM ndi patterning chingapezeke popanda mphamvu kunja;(2) Kunyowetsa kwa GaLM pamtunda wa microstructure wokutidwa ndi mkuwa ndi thermodynamic.filimu ya GaLM yotsatila imakhala yokhazikika ngakhale pansi pa deformation;(3) kusintha kutalika kwa chigawo chopangidwa ndi mkuwa kumatha kupanga filimu ya GaLM yokhala ndi makulidwe olamulidwa.Kuonjezera apo, njirayi imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa GaLM yofunikira kuti apange filimuyi, monga mizati imakhala ndi gawo la filimuyo.Mwachitsanzo, pamene gulu la zipilala zokhala ndi mainchesi a 200 μm (zokhala ndi mtunda pakati pa zipilala za 25 μm) zimayambitsidwa, voliyumu ya GaLM yofunikira pakupanga filimu (~ 9 μm3 / μm2) ikufanana ndi voliyumu ya filimu popanda mizati.(25 µm3/µm2).Komabe, pankhaniyi, ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti kukana kwamalingaliro, koyerekeza malinga ndi lamulo la Puet, kumawonjezeranso kasanu ndi kamodzi.Ponseponse, kunyowetsa kwapadera kwazitsulo zamadzimadzi zomwe takambirana m'nkhaniyi kumapereka njira yabwino yosungitsira zitsulo zamadzimadzi pamagawo osiyanasiyana amagetsi otambasuka ndi zida zina zomwe zikubwera.
Magawo a PDMS adakonzedwa posakaniza matrix a Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning, USA) ndi owumitsa mu ma ratios a 10: 1 ndi 15: 1 pakuyesa kolimba, kenako kuchiritsa mu uvuni pa 60 ° C.Copper kapena silicon adayikidwa pa zowotcha za silicon (Silicon Wafer, Namkang High Technology Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) ndi magawo a PDMS okhala ndi 10 nm wandiweyani womatira wa titaniyamu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothirira.Zomangamanga za Columnar ndi piramidi zimayikidwa pagawo la PDMS pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya silicon wafer photolithographic.M'lifupi ndi kutalika kwa mawonekedwe a piramidi ndi 25 ndi 18 µm, motsatana.Kutalika kwa mipiringidzoyi kunakhazikitsidwa pa 25 µm, 10 µm, ndi 1 µm, ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi kukwera kwake kumasiyana kuchokera ku 25 mpaka 200 µm.
Njira yolumikizirana ya EGaIn (gallium 75.5%/indium 24.5%,> 99.99%, Sigma Aldrich, Republic of Korea) idayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina otsitsa mawonekedwe (DSA100S, KRUSS, Germany). Njira yolumikizirana ya EGaIn (gallium 75.5%/indium 24.5%,> 99.99%, Sigma Aldrich, Republic of Korea) idayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina otsitsa mawonekedwe (DSA100S, KRUSS, Germany). Краевой угол EGaIn (галлий 75,5 %/индий 24,5 %, >99,99 %, Sigma Aldrich, Республика Корея) измеряли с помощью каплевидного Генирсская анали100, M'mphepete mwa EGaIn (gallium 75.5%/indium 24.5%,>99.99%, Sigma Aldrich, Republic of Korea) adayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina osanthula madontho (DSA100S, KRUSS, Germany). EGaIn（镓75.5%/铟24.5%，>99.99%，Sigma Aldrich，大韩民国）的接触角使用滴分析仪（DSA100S，KRUSS（徉。 EGaIn (gallium75.5%/indium24.5%,>99.99%, Sigma Aldrich, 大韩民国) inayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito analyzer (DSA100S, KRUSS, Germany). Краевой угол EGaIn (галлий 75,5%/индий 24,5%, >99,99%, Sigma Aldrich, Республика Корея) M'mphepete mwa EGaIn (gallium 75.5%/indium 24.5%,>99.99%, Sigma Aldrich, Republic of Korea) adayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a cap analyzer (DSA100S, KRUSS, Germany).Ikani gawo lapansi muchipinda chagalasi cha 5 cm × 5 × 5 cm ndikuyika dontho la 4–5 μl la EGaIn pagawolo pogwiritsa ntchito syringe ya 0.5 mm m'mimba mwake.Kuti apange sing'anga ya nthunzi ya HCl, 20 μL ya HCl solution (37 wt.%, Samchun Chemicals, Republic of Korea) inayikidwa pafupi ndi gawo lapansi, lomwe linasungunulidwa mokwanira kudzaza chipinda mkati mwa 10 s.
Pamwambapo adajambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SEM (Tescan Vega 3, Tescan Korea, Republic of Korea).EDS (Tescan Vega 3, Tescan Korea, Republic of Korea) idagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira kusanthula koyambira komanso kugawa.The EGaIn/Cu/PDMS pamwamba topography anawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito optical profilometer (The Profilm3D, Filmetrics, USA).
Kuti mufufuze za kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka magetsi panthawi yotambasula, zitsanzo zokhala ndi EGaIn komanso popanda zida zotambasula (Bending & Stretchable Machine System, SnM, Republic of Korea) ndipo zidalumikizidwa ndi magetsi ku Keithley 2400 mita yoyambira. Kuti mufufuze za kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka magetsi panthawi yotambasula, zitsanzo zokhala ndi EGaIn komanso popanda zida zotambasula (Bending & Stretchable Machine System, SnM, Republic of Korea) ndipo zidalumikizidwa ndi magetsi ku Keithley 2400 mita yoyambira. Для исследования изменения электропроводности во время циклов растяжения образцы с EGaIn ndi без него закрепляли на оборудования для, Репляли на оборудовании для, S публика Корея) ndi электрически подключали к измерителю источника Keithley 2400. Kuti tiphunzire kusintha kwa magetsi panthawi yotambasula, zitsanzo zokhala ndi EGaIn komanso popanda zida zotambasula (Bending & Stretchable Machine System, SnM, Republic of Korea) ndi magetsi olumikizidwa ku Keithley 2400 mita gwero.Kuti tiphunzire kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka magetsi panthawi yotambasula, zitsanzo zokhala ndi EGaIn komanso popanda EGaIn zinayikidwa pa chipangizo chotambasula (Bending and Stretching Machine Systems, SnM, Republic of Korea) ndi magetsi olumikizidwa ku Keithley 2400 SourceMeter.Imayesa kusintha kwa kukana pakati pa 0% mpaka 70% ya zovuta zachitsanzo.Kwa mayeso okhazikika, kusintha kwa kukana kunayesedwa pa 4000 30% yozungulira.
Kuti mumve zambiri za kapangidwe ka maphunziro, onani nkhani ya Nature yolumikizidwa ndi nkhaniyi.
Deta yochirikiza zotsatira za kafukufukuyu ikuwonetsedwa mu Mafayilo a Zowonjezera Zowonjezera ndi Mafayilo a Raw Data.Nkhaniyi imapereka deta yoyambirira.
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