Njira yatsopano yojambulira imapanga zithunzi zofotokoza zambiri zomwe zingasinthire maphunziro a thupi la munthu.
Paul Taforo ataona zithunzi zake zoyeserera za anthu omwe adazunzidwa ndi COVID-19, adaganiza kuti walephera.Katswiri wamaphunziro ofufuza zinthu zakale, Taforo adakhala miyezi yambiri akugwira ntchito ndi magulu ku Europe kuti asinthe ma accelerators ku French Alps kukhala zida zosinthira zamankhwala.
Kunali kumapeto kwa Meyi 2020, ndipo asayansi anali ofunitsitsa kumvetsetsa momwe COVID-19 imawonongera ziwalo zamunthu.Taforo anapatsidwa ntchito yokonza njira yomwe ingagwiritse ntchito ma X-ray amphamvu kwambiri opangidwa ndi European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ku Grenoble, France.Monga wasayansi wa ESRF, adakankhira malire a ma x-ray a miyala ya miyala ndi ma mummies owuma.Tsopano anali kuchita mantha ndi zofewa, zomata za mapepala a mapepala.
Zithunzizo zidawawonetsa mwatsatanetsatane kuposa CT scan yachipatala yomwe adawawonapo, kuwalola kuthana ndi mipata yamakani momwe asayansi ndi madotolo amawonera ndikumvetsetsa ziwalo zamunthu."M'mabuku ophunzirira a anatomy, mukaziwona, ndizokulirapo, ndizochepa, ndipo ndi zithunzi zokongola zojambulidwa ndi manja pazifukwa chimodzi: ndizotanthauzira mwaluso chifukwa tilibe zithunzi," University College London (UCL) ) adatero..Wofufuza wamkulu Claire Walsh adatero."Kwa nthawi yoyamba titha kuchita zenizeni."
Taforo ndi Walsh ndi mbali ya gulu lapadziko lonse la ofufuza oposa 30 omwe apanga njira yatsopano yamphamvu yojambulira X-ray yotchedwa Hierarchical Phase Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT).Ndi mzimuwo, amatha kuchoka m’chiŵalo chathunthu chamunthu n’kupita kukaona mitsempha yaing’ono kwambiri ya m’thupi kapenanso selo lililonse.
Njirayi ikupereka kale chidziwitso chatsopano cha momwe COVID-19 imawonongera ndikukonzanso mitsempha yamagazi m'mapapo.Ngakhale kuti ziyembekezo zake za nthawi yayitali zimakhala zovuta kudziwa chifukwa palibe chofanana ndi HiP-CT chomwe sichinakhalepo kale, ochita kafukufuku okondwa ndi kuthekera kwake akuwona mwachidwi njira zatsopano zodziwira matenda ndi mapu a thupi laumunthu ndi mapu olondola kwambiri.
Katswiri wa matenda a mtima ku UCL Andrew Cooke anati: “Anthu ambiri angadabwe kuti takhala tikuphunzira za mmene mtima ulili kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma palibe mgwirizano pa mmene mtima ulili, makamaka mtima . . . pamene mtima ukugunda.”
Iye anati: “Ndakhala ndikudikira ntchito yanga yonse.
Njira ya HiP-CT idayamba pomwe akatswiri awiri azachipatala aku Germany adapikisana kuti azitsatira zilango za kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2 pathupi la munthu.
Danny Jonigk, dokotala wa matenda a thoracic ku Hannover Medical School, ndi Maximilian Ackermann, katswiri wa zachipatala ku University Medical Center Mainz, anali tcheru pamene nkhani zachilendo za chibayo zinayamba kufalikira ku China.Onse anali ndi chidziwitso chochiza matenda a m'mapapo ndipo adadziwa nthawi yomweyo kuti COVID-19 inali yachilendo.Awiriwa anali okhudzidwa makamaka ndi malipoti a "hypoxia chete" yomwe imapangitsa odwala COVID-19 kukhala maso koma kupangitsa kuti mpweya wawo wamagazi utsike.
Ackermann ndi Jonig akukayikira kuti SARS-CoV-2 mwanjira ina imasokoneza mitsempha ya m'mapapo.Matendawa atafalikira ku Germany mu Marichi 2020, banjali lidayamba kuwunika anthu omwe adazunzidwa ndi COVID-19.Posakhalitsa adayesa malingaliro awo a mitsempha mwa kulowetsa utomoni mu zitsanzo za minofu ndiyeno kusungunula minofu mu asidi, ndikusiya chitsanzo cholondola cha mitsempha yoyambirira.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, Ackermann ndi Jonigk anayerekezera minofu ya anthu omwe sanamwalire ndi COVID-19 ndi ya anthu omwe anamwalira.Nthawi yomweyo adawona kuti mwa omwe adazunzidwa ndi COVID-19, mitsempha yaying'ono kwambiri m'mapapo idapindika ndikumangidwanso.Zotsatira zazikuluzikuluzi, zomwe zidasindikizidwa pa intaneti mu Meyi 2020, zikuwonetsa kuti COVID-19 sikuti ndi matenda opuma, koma matenda amitsempha omwe amatha kukhudza ziwalo zonse za thupi.
“Mukadutsa m’thupi ndi kugwirizanitsa mitsempha yonse ya magazi, mumapeza makilomita 60,000 mpaka 70,000, omwe ndi mtunda wowirikiza kaŵiri kuzungulira equator,” anatero Ackermann, katswiri wa matenda wa ku Wuppertal, Germany..Ananenanso kuti ngati 1 peresenti yokha ya mitsempha yamagaziyi itagwidwa ndi kachilomboka, magazi amayenda komanso mphamvu yotengera mpweya wa okosijeni ingasokonezeke, zomwe zingabweretse mavuto aakulu kwa chiwalo chonse.
Jonigk ndi Ackermann atazindikira momwe COVID-19 imakhudzira mitsempha yamagazi, adazindikira kuti akufunika kumvetsetsa bwino kuwonongekako.
Ma X-ray azachipatala, monga ma CT scans, amatha kupereka malingaliro a ziwalo zonse, koma sizokwanira.Biopsy imalola asayansi kuyang'ana zitsanzo za minofu pansi pa maikulosikopu, koma zithunzi zomwe zatuluka zimangoyimira gawo laling'ono la chiwalo chonse ndipo sizingawonetse momwe COVID-19 imayambira m'mapapo.Ndipo njira ya utomoni yomwe gulu idapanga imafuna kusungunula minofu, zomwe zimawononga zitsanzo ndikuletsa kufufuza kwina.
"Pamapeto pa tsiku, [mapapo] amatenga mpweya ndipo mpweya woipa umatuluka, koma chifukwa cha izi, uli ndi mitsempha yambiri ya magazi ndi ma capillaries, otalikirana kwambiri ... ndi chozizwitsa," adatero Jonigk, woyambitsa. wofufuza wamkulu ku German Lung Research Center."Ndiye tingayese bwanji chinthu chovuta kwambiri ngati COVID-19 osawononga ziwalo?"
Jonigk ndi Ackermann amafunikira china chake chomwe sichinachitikepo: ma X-ray angapo a chiwalo chomwechi chomwe chingalole ofufuzawo kuti akulitse mbali za chiwalocho kuti zikhale zazikulu.Mu Marichi 2020, awiriwa aku Germany adalumikizana ndi omwe adagwira nawo ntchito kwanthawi yayitali a Peter Lee, wasayansi wazinthu komanso wapampando waukadaulo waku UCL.Katswiri wa Lee ndi kuphunzira zinthu zachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito ma X-ray amphamvu, kotero malingaliro ake adatembenukira ku French Alps.
European Synchrotron Radiation Center ili pamtunda wamakona atatu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Grenoble, komwe mitsinje iwiri imakumana.Chinthucho ndi particle accelerator yomwe imatumiza ma elekitironi mumayendedwe ozungulira theka la kilomita kutalika pafupifupi liwiro la kuwala.Ma elekitironiwa akamazungulira mozungulira, maginito amphamvu amazungulira tinthu ting’onoting’ono tomwe timazungulira, zomwe zimachititsa kuti ma elekitironiwo azitulutsa ma X-ray owala kwambiri padziko lonse.
Ma radiation amphamvuwa amalola ESRF kuti azifufuza zinthu pa micrometer kapena nanometer sikelo.Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zinthu monga ma aloyi ndi ma composites, kuphunzira kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a mapuloteni, komanso kupanganso zinthu zakale zakale popanda kulekanitsa mwala ndi fupa.Ackermann, Jonigk ndi Lee ankafuna kugwiritsa ntchito chida chachikulu chojambula zithunzi za X-ray za ziwalo za anthu padziko lapansi.
Lowani Taforo, yemwe ntchito yake ku ESRF yadutsa malire a zomwe synchrotron scanning imatha kuwona.Njira zake zochititsa chidwi zidalola asayansi kuyang'ana mkati mwa mazira a dinosaur ndikutsala pang'ono kudula ma mummies otseguka, ndipo nthawi yomweyo Taforo adatsimikizira kuti ma synchrotrons amatha kusanthula bwino mapapu onse.Koma kwenikweni, kusanthula ziwalo zonse za munthu ndi vuto lalikulu.
Kumbali imodzi, pali vuto la kufananiza.Ma X-ray okhazikika amapanga zithunzi kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma radiation osiyanasiyana, ndi zinthu zolemera zomwe zimayamwa kuposa zopepuka.Minofu yofewa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zinthu zopepuka—carbon, haidrojeni, okosijeni, ndi zina zotero—chotero sizimawonekera bwino pa x-ray yachipatala.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri za ESRF ndikuti kuwala kwake kwa X-ray ndikolumikizana kwambiri: kuwala kumayenda m'mafunde, ndipo pankhani ya ESRF, ma X-ray ake onse amayambira pafupipafupi komanso kuwongolera komweko, kumayenda mozungulira, ngati mapazi amanzere. ndi Reik kudzera m'munda wa zen.Koma ma X-ray amenewa akamadutsa m’chinthucho, kusiyana kosaoneka bwino kwa kachulukidwe kake kungapangitse X-ray iliyonse kupatuka pang’ono panjirayo, ndipo kusiyana kwake kumakhala kosavuta kuzindikirika pamene ma X-ray amasunthira kutali ndi chinthucho.Kupatuka kumeneku kumatha kuwulula kusiyana kobisika kwa kachulukidwe mkati mwa chinthu, ngakhale chitakhala chopangidwa ndi zinthu zopepuka.
Koma kukhazikika ndi nkhani ina.Kuti mutenge ma X-ray angapo okulirapo, chiwalocho chiyenera kukhazikika mu mawonekedwe ake achilengedwe kuti zisapindike kapena kusuntha kupitirira chikwi chimodzi cha millimeter.Komanso, ma X-ray otsatizana a chiwalo chomwecho sangafanane.Mosafunikira kunena, komabe, thupi likhoza kusinthasintha kwambiri.
Lee ndi gulu lake ku UCL anali ndi cholinga chopanga zotengera zomwe zimatha kupirira ma synchrotron X-ray pomwe amalola mafunde ambiri kudutsa momwe angathere.Lee adagwiranso ntchito yonse ya polojekitiyi - mwachitsanzo, tsatanetsatane wonyamula ziwalo za anthu pakati pa Germany ndi France - ndikulemba ganyu Walsh, yemwe amagwira ntchito pa biomedical data yayikulu, kuti athandizire kudziwa momwe angasanthule ma scan.Kubwerera ku France, ntchito ya Taforo idaphatikizapo kukonza makina ojambulira ndikupeza momwe angasungire chiwalo mumtsuko womwe gulu la Lee limamanga.
Tafforo ankadziwa kuti kuti ziwalo zisawonongeke, ndipo zithunzizo zikhale zomveka bwino, ziyenera kukonzedwa ndi magawo angapo a ethanol yamadzi.Ankadziwanso kuti ayenera kukhazikika pa chiwalocho pa chinthu chofanana ndendende ndi kachulukidwe ka chiwalocho.Cholinga chake chinali choti aike ziwalozo mu agar wochuluka wa ethanol, chinthu chofanana ndi jelly chotengedwa kuchokera ku udzu wa m'nyanja.
Komabe, mdierekezi ali mwatsatanetsatane - monga ku Ulaya ambiri, Taforo akukhala kunyumba ndikutsekedwa.Chifukwa chake Taforo adasamutsa kafukufuku wake mu labu yakunyumba: Adakhala zaka zambiri akukongoletsa khitchini yakale yapakatikati yokhala ndi osindikiza a 3D, zida zoyambira zamakina ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafupa a nyama kuti afufuze kafukufuku wa umunthu.
Taforo adagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera m'sitolo yapafupi kuti adziwe momwe angapangire agar.Amatoleranso madzi amphepo kuchokera padenga lomwe watsuka posachedwapa kuti apange madzi opanda mchere, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma formula a agar a lab.Pofuna kulongedza ziwalo mu agara, anatenga matumbo a nkhumba m’nyumba yophera anthu.
Taforo adavomerezedwa kuti abwerere ku ESRF mkati mwa Meyi kuti akayezetse koyamba m'mapapo a nkhumba.Kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni, adakonzekera ndikusanthula kumanzere kwa mapapu a bambo wazaka 54 yemwe adamwalira ndi COVID-19, yomwe Ackermann ndi Jonig adachoka ku Germany kupita ku Grenoble.
"Nditawona chithunzi choyamba, mu imelo yanga munali kalata yopepesa kwa aliyense amene akugwira nawo ntchitoyi: tinalephera ndipo sindinapeze scanner yapamwamba," adatero."Ndinangowatumizira zithunzi ziwiri zomwe zinali zoyipa kwa ine koma zabwino kwa iwo."
Kwa Lee wa pa yunivesite ya California, Los Angeles, zithunzizo n’zochititsa chidwi kwambiri: zithunzi za chiwalo chonse n’zofanana ndi ma CT scans wamba, koma “ndi zambiri zochulukirachulukira.”Zimakhala ngati wofufuzayo wakhala akuphunzira za nkhalango moyo wake wonse, mwina akuwuluka m’nkhalango pa ndege yaikulu ya jeti, kapena kuyenda m’njira.Tsopano amauluka pamwamba pa dengalo ngati mbalame za mapiko.
Gululi lidasindikiza kulongosola kwawo koyamba kwa njira ya HiP-CT mu Novembala 2021, ndipo ofufuzawo adatulutsanso tsatanetsatane wa momwe COVID-19 imakhudzira mitundu ina ya kuzungulira m'mapapo.
Kujambulako kunalinso ndi phindu losayembekezereka: kunathandiza ofufuzawo kukopa abwenzi ndi abale kuti alandire katemera.Pazovuta kwambiri za COVID-19, mitsempha yambiri yamagazi m'mapapo imawoneka yotakasuka komanso kutupa, ndipo pang'ono, timitsempha tating'onoting'ono tamagazi timapanga.
“Mukawona kapangidwe ka mapapu a munthu yemwe wamwalira ndi COVID, samawoneka ngati mapapo — ndi chipwirikiti,” adatero Tafolo.
Ananenanso kuti ngakhale ziwalo zathanzi, sikanizo zimavumbula zinthu zobisika za thupi zomwe sizinalembedwepo chifukwa palibe chiwalo chamunthu chomwe chidawunikiridwa mwatsatanetsatane.Ndi ndalama zoposa $ 1 miliyoni zochokera ku Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg ndi mkazi wa Zuckerberg, dokotala Priscilla Chan), gulu la HiP-CT panopa likupanga zomwe zimatchedwa ma atlasi a ziwalo zaumunthu.
Pakadali pano, gululi latulutsa ma scan a ziwalo zisanu - mtima, ubongo, impso, mapapo, ndi ndulu - kutengera ziwalo zoperekedwa ndi Ackermann ndi Jonigk panthawi ya autopsy yawo ya COVID-19 ku Germany komanso chiwalo cha "control" cha LADAF.Anatomical labotale ya Grenoble.Gululo linapanga deta, komanso mafilimu oyendetsa ndege, pogwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe imapezeka kwaulere pa intaneti.The Atlas of Human Organs ikukula mofulumira: ziwalo zina 30 zafufuzidwa, ndipo zina 80 zili pazigawo zosiyanasiyana zokonzekera.Pafupifupi magulu 40 ofufuza osiyanasiyana adalumikizana ndi gululi kuti adziwe zambiri za njirayi, adatero Li.
Katswiri wa zamtima ku UCL Cook amawona kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito HiP-CT kuti amvetsetse matupi oyambira.Katswiri wazachipatala ku UCL, Joe Jacob, yemwe ndi katswiri wa matenda a m'mapapo, adati HiP-CT idzakhala "yofunika kwambiri pakumvetsetsa matenda," makamaka m'magulu atatu monga mitsempha yamagazi.
Ngakhale ojambula adalowa nawo mkangano.Barney Steele wa ku London-based experiential art collective Marshmallow Laser Feast akuti akufufuza mwachangu momwe deta ya HiP-CT ingafufuzidwe mu zenizeni zenizeni zenizeni."Zowonadi, tikupanga ulendo kudzera m'thupi la munthu," adatero.
Koma ngakhale malonjezano onse a HiP-CT, pali mavuto aakulu.Choyamba, akutero Walsh, kujambula kwa HiP-CT kumapanga "chiwerengero chochuluka cha deta," mosavuta terabyte pa chiwalo chilichonse.Kuti alole asing'anga kugwiritsa ntchito masikani awa mdziko lenileni, ofufuzawo akuyembekeza kupanga mawonekedwe amtambo kuti awayendere, monga Google Maps ya thupi la munthu.
Ankafunikanso kupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusintha masikani kuti akhale zitsanzo za 3D.Monga njira zonse za CT scan, HiP-CT imagwira ntchito potenga magawo ambiri a 2D a chinthu chopatsidwa ndikuchiyika pamodzi.Ngakhale masiku ano, zambiri mwa njirayi amachitidwa pamanja, makamaka posanthula minofu yachilendo kapena yodwala.Lee ndi Walsh ati cholinga cha gulu la HiP-CT ndichopanga njira zophunzirira zamakina zomwe zingathandize kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosavuta.
Mavutowa adzakula pamene ma atlas a ziwalo za anthu akuchulukira ndipo ochita kafukufuku akukhala ofunitsitsa kwambiri.Gulu la HiP-CT likugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chaposachedwa kwambiri cha ESRF chotchedwa BM18, kuti apitilize kusanthula ziwalo za polojekitiyi.BM18 imapanga mtengo wokulirapo wa X-ray, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kusanthula kumatenga nthawi yochepa, ndipo chojambulira cha BM18 X-ray chimatha kuyikidwa pamtunda wamamita 125 (38 metres) kutali ndi chinthu chomwe chikujambulidwa, kupangitsa kuti chiwoneke bwino.Zotsatira za BM18 ndizabwino kale, akutero Taforo, yemwe wasanthulanso zitsanzo zoyambirira za Human Organ Atlas pamakina atsopano.
BM18 imathanso kuyang'ana zinthu zazikulu kwambiri.Ndi malo atsopanowa, gululi likukonzekera kuyang'ana thunthu lonse la thupi la munthu pofika kumapeto kwa 2023.
Powona kuthekera kwakukulu kwaukadaulo, Taforo adati, "Ife tangoyamba kumene."
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