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Potengera kuphatikizika kosiyanasiyana kwa sayansi ya sayansi ndi moyo, njira zowunikira komanso zochiritsira zochokera kumankhwala olondola posachedwapa zakopa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zauinjiniya m'magawo ambiri azachipatala, makamaka mu oncology.Mkati mwa dongosololi, kugwiritsa ntchito ma ultrasound kuukira ma cell a khansa m'matumbo kuti awononge kuwonongeka kwamakina pamasikelo osiyanasiyana kukukopa chidwi cha asayansi padziko lonse lapansi.Potengera izi, kutengera mayankho a nthawi ya elastodynamic ndi kuyerekezera kwa manambala, timapereka kafukufuku woyambirira wa kayeseleledwe ka ma ultrasound mu minofu kuti tisankhe ma frequency ndi mphamvu zoyenera pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala komweko.Njira yatsopano yodziwira matenda a labotale ya On-Fiber teknoloji, yotchedwa singano yachipatala komanso yovomerezeka kale.Amakhulupirira kuti zotsatira za kusanthula ndi zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha biophysical zikhoza kutsegulira njira zatsopano zowunikira komanso zochizira zomwe zingakhale ndi gawo lalikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala olondola m'tsogolomu, kuchokera kuzinthu za sayansi.Mgwirizano womwe ukukula pakati pa biology wayamba .
Ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha ntchito zachipatala, kufunika kochepetsa zotsatira za odwala pang'onopang'ono kunayamba kuonekera.Kuti izi zitheke, kulondola kwamankhwala1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kwakhala cholinga chochepetsera mlingo wa mankhwala operekedwa kwa odwala, makamaka kutsatira njira ziwiri zazikulu.Yoyamba imachokera pamankhwala opangidwa molingana ndi momwe wodwalayo alili.Yachiwiri, yomwe ikukhala muyezo wa golide mu oncology, ikufuna kupewa njira zoperekera mankhwala mwadongosolo poyesa kutulutsa pang'ono mankhwala, pomwe nthawi yomweyo ikuwonjezera kulondola pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amderalo.Cholinga chachikulu ndikuchotsa kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa za njira zambiri zochizira, monga chemotherapy kapena systemic management of radionuclides.Kutengera mtundu wa khansa, malo, mlingo wa radiation, ndi zina, ngakhale chithandizo cha radiation chikhoza kukhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha minofu yathanzi.Pochiza opaleshoni ya glioblastoma6,7,8,9 imachotsa bwino khansa yomwe imayambitsa, koma ngakhale palibe metastases, khansa yaing'ono yambiri imalowa.Ngati sachotsedwa kwathunthu, misa yatsopano ya khansa imatha kukula m'kanthawi kochepa.M'nkhaniyi, njira zachipatala zolondola zomwe tatchulazi ndizovuta kugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa zolowera izi zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira ndikufalikira kudera lalikulu.Zolepheretsa izi zimalepheretsa zotsatira zotsimikizika poletsa kubwereza kulikonse ndi mankhwala olondola, kotero njira zoperekera mwadongosolo nthawi zina zimakondedwa, ngakhale kuti mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amatha kukhala ndi poizoni wambiri.Kuti athane ndi vutoli, njira yabwino yochizira ingakhale kugwiritsa ntchito njira zocheperako zomwe zitha kuwononga maselo a khansa popanda kukhudza minofu yathanzi.Poganizira mkanganowu, kugwiritsa ntchito ma ultrasonic vibrations, omwe awonetsedwa kuti amakhudza maselo a khansa ndi athanzi mosiyana, m'magulu a unicellular ndi ma mesoscale heterogeneous masango, akuwoneka ngati njira yothetsera.
Kuchokera pamawonedwe amakanika, maselo athanzi komanso a khansa amakhala ndi ma frequency osiyanasiyana achilengedwe.Katunduyu amalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa oncogenic pamakina amtundu wa cytoskeletal wa maselo a khansa12,13, pomwe maselo otupa amakhala, pafupifupi, opunduka kuposa maselo wamba.Chifukwa chake, ndi kusankha koyenera kwa mafupipafupi a ultrasound pofuna kukondoweza, kugwedezeka komwe kumachitika m'malo osankhidwa kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa nyumba za khansa, kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe cha wolandirayo.Izi zomwe sizinamvetsetsedwe bwino zingaphatikizepo kuwonongeka kwa zigawo zina zamapangidwe chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwafupipafupi komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha ultrasound (mfundo zofanana kwambiri ndi lithotripsy14) ndi kuwonongeka kwa ma cell chifukwa cha chodabwitsa chofanana ndi kutopa kwa makina, komwe kungasinthe mawonekedwe a ma cell. .mapulogalamu ndi mechanobiology.Ngakhale yankho lachiphunzitsoli likuwoneka kuti ndiloyenera kwambiri, mwatsoka silingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mawonekedwe a anechoic bioloji amalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji kwa ultrasound, mwachitsanzo, pakugwiritsa ntchito intracranial chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa fupa, ndipo zotupa zina za m'mawere zili mu adipose. minofu.Kuchepetsa kungachepetse malo omwe angachiritse.Pofuna kuthana ndi mavutowa, ultrasound iyenera kuikidwa kwanuko ndi ma transducer opangidwa mwapadera omwe amatha kufika pamalo owala mosavuta momwe angathere.Poganizira izi, tidaganizira za kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro okhudzana ndi kuthekera kopanga nsanja yaukadaulo yotchedwa "chipatala cha singano"15.Lingaliro la "Hospital in the Needle" limaphatikizapo kupanga chida chachipatala chochepa kwambiri chothandizira kufufuza ndi kuchiza ntchito, kutengera kuphatikiza kwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu singano imodzi yachipatala.Monga tafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mu gawo la Needle Hospital, chipangizo chophatikizika ichi chimachokera pazabwino za 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 fiber optic probes, zomwe, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo, ndizoyenera kuyika mu standard 20. singano zachipatala, 22 lumens.Pogwiritsa ntchito luso laukadaulo la Lab-on-Fiber (LOF) 23, CHIKWANGWANI chakhala chida chapadera chazida zazing'ono komanso zokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira komanso zochizira, kuphatikiza zida zamadzimadzi ndi zida za biopsy.mu kuzindikira kwa biomolecular24,25, kutumiza mankhwala am'deralo motsogozedwa ndi kuwala26,27, chithunzi chapamwamba cha ultrasound cham'deralo28, thermal therapy29,30 ndi chizindikiritso cha khansa yotengera mawonekedwe31.M'kati mwa lingaliro ili, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika pa chipangizo cha "singano m'chipatala", timafufuza momwe tingakwaniritsire kukondoweza kwanuko kwa zolengedwa zamoyo zamoyo pogwiritsa ntchito kufalitsa mafunde a ultrasound kudzera mu singano kuti tisangalatse mafunde a ultrasound mkati mwa dera lachidwi..Choncho, otsika kwambiri achire ultrasound angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji kwa chiopsezo dera ndi kochepa invasiveness kwa sonicating maselo ndi yaing'ono olimba mapangidwe mu zofewa zimakhala, monga mu nkhani ya tatchulawa intracranial opaleshoni, dzenje laling'ono mu Chigaza ayenera anaikapo ndi singano.Kutengera zotsatira zaposachedwa komanso zoyeserera zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ultrasound imatha kuyimitsa kapena kuchedwetsa kukula kwa khansa zina,32,33,34 njira yomwe ikufunsidwayo ingathandize kuthana, makamaka, kusinthanitsa kwakukulu pakati pazovuta komanso zochiritsa.Poganizira izi, mu pepala lomwe lilipo, tikufufuza za kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito singano m'chipatala pochiza khansa ya ultrasound.Ndendende, mu Kusanthula Kwambiri kwa Spherical Tumor Masses for Estimating Growth-Dependent Ultrasound Frequency gawo, timagwiritsa ntchito njira zokhazikitsidwa bwino za elastodynamic ndi chiphunzitso chobalalitsa cha acoustic kuti tidziwiretu kukula kwa zotupa zolimba zozungulira zomwe zimakula mukatikati mwa zotanuka.kuuma komwe kumapezeka pakati pa chotupa ndi minofu yolandirira chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwazinthu zomwe zikukula.Tafotokoza za dongosolo lathu, lomwe timatcha "Chipatala mu Singano", mu gawo la "Hospital in the Singano", tikusanthula kufalikira kwa mafunde akupanga kudzera mu singano zachipatala pamaulendo omwe adaloseredwa ndipo nambala yawo imawunikira chilengedwe kuti tiphunzire. magawo akuluakulu a geometric (m'mimba mwake weniweni wamkati, kutalika ndi kuthwa kwa singano), zomwe zimakhudza kufalikira kwa mphamvu yamayimbidwe a chidacho.Popeza kufunikira kopanga njira zatsopano zamakina amankhwala olondola, akukhulupirira kuti kafukufukuyu angathandize kupanga chida chatsopano chochizira khansa potengera kugwiritsa ntchito ma ultrasound omwe amaperekedwa kudzera pa nsanja yophatikizika yachipatala yomwe imaphatikiza ultrasound ndi mayankho ena.Zophatikizika, monga kuperekera mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kuwunika kwanthawi yeniyeni mkati mwa singano imodzi.
Mphamvu yopereka njira zamakina zochizira zotupa zolimba zokhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito kukondoweza kwa akupanga (ultrasound) kwakhala cholinga cha mapepala angapo omwe amafotokoza mozama komanso moyeserera ndi zotsatira za kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa akupanga pama cell cell system 10, 11, 12 ., 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za viscoelastic, ofufuza angapo awonetsa kuti chotupa ndi maselo athanzi amawonetsa mayankho osiyanasiyana omwe amadziwika ndi nsonga zodziwika bwino mu US 10,11,12.Chotsatirachi chikusonyeza kuti, kwenikweni, maselo a chotupa amatha kumenyedwa mwachisawawa ndi zokopa zamakina zomwe zimasunga malo okhala.Khalidweli ndi zotsatira zachindunji zaumboni wofunikira kuti, nthawi zambiri, ma cell a chotupa amakhala osinthika kwambiri kuposa maselo athanzi, mwina kukulitsa kuthekera kwawo kochulukira ndikusamuka37,38,39,40.Kutengera ndi zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa ndi ma cell amodzi, mwachitsanzo pa microscale, kusankhidwa kwa ma cell a khansa kwawonetsedwanso pa mesoscale kudzera m'maphunziro a manambala a mayankho amtundu wa ma cell aggregates.Kupereka magawo osiyanasiyana a ma cell a khansa ndi ma cell athanzi, ma multicellular aggregates mazana a ma micrometer mu kukula adamangidwa motsogola.Pa mesolevel ya magulu awa, zinthu zina zazing'ono zazing'ono zimasungidwa chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwachindunji kwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimadziwika ndi machitidwe amakina a maselo amodzi.Makamaka, selo lililonse limagwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga zokhazikitsidwa ndi tensegrity kuti zitsanzire kuyankha kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cytoskeletal, potero kumakhudza kuuma kwawo konse12,13.Zolosera zamalingaliro komanso kuyesa kwa in vitro m'mabuku omwe ali pamwambawa kwapereka zotsatira zolimbikitsa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunika kophunzira kukhudzika kwa chotupa chambiri ku low-intensity therapeutic ultrasound (LITUS), komanso kuwunika pafupipafupi kwa kuyatsa kwa misa ya chotupa ndikofunikira.khazikitsani LITUS kuti mugwiritse ntchito patsamba.
Komabe, pamlingo wa minofu, kufotokozera kwa gawo laling'ono la gawo lililonse kumatayika mosapeweka, ndipo mawonekedwe a chotupacho amatha kutsatiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatizana kutsatira kukula kwa misa ndi kukonzanso komwe kumayambitsa kupsinjika, poganizira zotsatira za macroscopic. kukula.-kupangitsa kusintha kwa minyewa ya minofu pamlingo wa 41.42.Zowonadi, mosiyana ndi machitidwe amtundu umodzi komanso ophatikizana, zotupa zolimba zimakula mu minofu yofewa chifukwa cha kudzikundikira pang'onopang'ono kwa zotsalira zotsalira, zomwe zimasintha mawonekedwe achilengedwe amakanika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa intratumoral rigidity, ndipo chotupa sclerosis nthawi zambiri chimakhala chinthu chodziwika bwino. kuzindikira chotupa.
Poganizira izi, apa tikuwunika momwe sonodynamic imayankhira ma tumor spheroids opangidwa ngati zotanuka zozungulira zomwe zimamera pamalo abwinobwino.Kunena zowona, zotanuka zomwe zimayenderana ndi gawo la chotupacho zidatsimikizika potengera zotsatira zamalingaliro ndi zoyeserera zomwe olemba ena adalemba m'mbuyomu.Pakati pawo, kusinthika kwa zotupa zolimba zolimba zomwe zimakula mu vivo muzofalitsa zosawerengeka zaphunziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosagwirizana ndi ma 41,43,44 kuphatikiza ma interspecies dynamics kulosera za kukula kwa chotupa ndi kupsinjika kwa intratumoral.Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kukula (mwachitsanzo, kuwongolera kwa inelastic) ndi kupsinjika kotsalira kumayambitsa kukonzanso kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zotupa za chotupacho, potero kumasinthanso kuyankha kwake kwamayimbidwe.Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti mu ref.41 kusinthika kogwirizana kwa kukula ndi kupsinjika kolimba mu zotupa kwawonetsedwa muzoyeserera zoyeserera pazitsanzo za nyama.Makamaka, kuyerekeza kuuma kwa chotupa m'mawere misa resected pa magawo osiyanasiyana ndi kuuma anapezedwa ndi kuberekanso zinthu zofanana mu silika pa ozungulira finite element chitsanzo ndi miyeso yofanana ndi poganizira zinanenedweratu yotsalira kupsinjika maganizo anatsimikizira njira akufuna kutsimikizika kwachitsanzo..Mu ntchitoyi, zotsatira zongopeka komanso zoyeserera zomwe zidapezedwa kale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njira yatsopano yochizira.Makamaka, makulidwe onenedweratu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi chisinthiko adawerengedwa apa, zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa zotupa zomwe zotupa zomwe zimayikidwa m'malo omwe akuchitikira zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.Kuti tichite zimenezi, ife motero anafufuza zamphamvu khalidwe chotupa misa pa magawo osiyanasiyana, kutengedwa pa magawo osiyanasiyana, poganizira zizindikiro lamayimbidwe mogwirizana ndi mfundo ambiri ovomerezeka ya kubalalikana poyankha akupanga kusonkhezera ndi kuunikila zotheka resonant zochitika za spheroid. .kutengera chotupa ndi khamu Kukula amadalira kusiyana stiffness pakati minofu.
Chifukwa chake, zotupa zotupa zidapangidwa ngati magawo otanuka a radius \(a\) m'malo ozungulira ozungulira a wolandirayo kutengera zoyeserera zomwe zikuwonetsa momwe zida zowopsa zazikulu zimakulira mu situ mu mawonekedwe ozungulira.Ponena za Chithunzi 1, pogwiritsa ntchito zozungulira zozungulira \(\{r,\theta ,\varphi \}\) (pomwe \(\theta\) ndi \(\varphi\) zimayimira ngodya ya anomaly ndi azimuth motsatana), chotupa domain occupies Chigawo chophatikizidwa mu malo athanzi \({\ masamu {V}_{T}=\{ (r,\theta ,\varphi ):r\le a\}\) dera lopanda malire \({\ masamu { V} }_{H} = \{(r,\theta,\varphi):r > a\}\).Ponena za Supplementary Information (SI) kuti tifotokoze momveka bwino masamu a masamu pogwiritsa ntchito maziko okhazikika a elastodynamic omwe amalembedwa m'mabuku ambiri45,46,47,48, tikuwona apa vuto lodziwika ndi axisymmetric oscillation mode.Lingaliro ili likutanthauza kuti zosintha zonse mkati mwa chotupa ndi madera athanzi ndizodziyimira pawokha azimuthal coordinate \(\varphi\) ndipo palibe kupotoza komwe kumachitika mbali iyi.Chifukwa chake, magawo osunthika ndi opsinjika atha kupezeka kuchokera kuzinthu ziwiri za scalar \(\phi = \hat{\phi}\left({r,\theta} \right)e^{{ - i \omega {\ kern 1pt} t }}\) ndi \(\chi = \hat{\chi }\left( {r,\theta } \right)e^{{ - i\omega {\kern 1pt} t }}\) , ndi motsatana ndi funde longitudinal ndi kukameta ubweya wa ubweya, nthawi yangozi t pakati pa kuphulika \(\ theta \) ndi ngodya pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka zochitika ndi malo vekitala \({\ mathbf {x))\) ( monga momwe tawonetsera mu chithunzi 1) ndi \(\ omega = 2\pi f\) imayimira mafupipafupi a angular.Makamaka, gawo la zochitikazo limatsatiridwa ndi mawonekedwe a ndege \ (\ phi_{H} ^ {(mu)}\) (yomwe imayambitsidwanso mu dongosolo la SI, mu equation (A.9)) yomwe imafalikira mu voliyumu ya thupi. malinga ndi lamulo lachilamulo
kumene \(\phi_{0}\) ndi parameter ya matalikidwe.Kukula kozungulira kwa mafunde andege (1) pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi mtsutso wokhazikika:
Pomwe \(j_{n}\) ndi ntchito yozungulira ya Bessel ya mtundu woyamba wa dongosolo \(n\), ndipo \(P_{n}\) ndi Legendre polynomial.Gawo lina la zomwe zikuchitika mu gawo lazachuma limamwazika m'malo ozungulira ndikudutsa gawo la zochitikazo, pomwe gawo lina limabalalika mkati mwa gawolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwedezeka kwake.Kuti muchite izi, mayankho a harmonic a equation wave \(\nabla^{2} \hat{\phi } + k_{1}^{2} {\ mkern 1mu} \hat{\phi } = 0\,\ ) ndi \ (\ nabla^{2} {\mkern 1mu} \hat{\chi } + k_{2}^{2} \hat{\chi } = 0\), zoperekedwa mwachitsanzo ndi Eringen45 (onaninso SI ) angasonyeze chotupa ndi madera athanzi.Makamaka, mafunde amwazikana ndi mafunde a isovolumic opangidwa mu sing'anga \ (H\) amavomereza mphamvu zawo:
Pakati pawo, mawonekedwe ozungulira a Hankel amtundu woyamba \(h_{n}^{(1)}\) amagwiritsidwa ntchito poganizira mafunde amwazikana, ndi \(\alpha_{n}\) ndi \(\beta_{ n}\ ) ndi ma coefficients osadziwika.mu equation.Mu ma equation (2)–(4), mawu akuti \(k_{H1}\) ndi \(k_{H2}\) amatanthauza mafunde a rarefaction ndi mafunde odutsa m'dera lalikulu la thupi, motsatana ( onani SI).Magawo opanikizika mkati mwa chotupa ndi masinthidwe ali ndi mawonekedwe
Kumene \(k_{T1}\) ndi \(k_{T2}\) zikuyimira manambala a mafunde aatali ndi odutsa m'chigawo chotupa, ndipo ma coefficients osadziwika ndi \(\gamma_{n} {\mkern 1mu}\) , \(\ eta_{n} {\mkern 1mu}\).Kutengera ndi zotsatira izi, zigawo zosasunthika zopanda ziro ndi zozungulira ndizodziwika bwino za madera athanzi pavuto lomwe likuganiziridwa, monga \(u_{Hr}\) ndi \(u_{H\theta}\) (\(u_{ H\ varphi }\ ) lingaliro la symmetry silikufunikanso) - lingapezeke kuchokera ku ubale \(u_{Hr} = \partial_{r} \left({\phi + \partial_{r}) (r\chi) } \kumanja) + k_}^{2} {\mkern 1mu} r\chi\) ndi \(u_{H\theta} = r^{- 1} \partial_{\theta} \left({\phi + \partial_{r } ( r\chi ) } \kumanja)\) popanga \(\phi = \phi_{H}^{(mu)} + \phi_{H}^{(s)}\) ndi \ (\chi = \chi_ {H}^ {(s)}\) (onani SI kuti mumve zambiri za masamu).Mofananamo, kusintha \(\phi = \phi_{T}^{(s)}\) ndi \(\chi = \chi_{T}^{(s)}\) kumabwerera {Tr} = \partial_{r} \left( {\phi + \partial_{r} (r\chi)} \right) + k_{T2}^{2} {\mkern 1mu} r\chi\) ndi \(u_{T\theta} = r^{-1}\partial _{\theta }\left({\phi +\partial_{r}(r\chi )}\right)\).
(Kumanzere) Geometry ya chotupa chozungulira chomwe chimakula m'malo athanzi momwe gawo la zochitika limafalikira, (kumanja) Kusinthika kofananira kwa chiŵerengero cha kuuma kwa chotupa monga ntchito ya chotupa, data yomwe inanenedwa (yosinthidwa kuchokera ku Carotenuto et al. 41) kuchokera mu psinjika mayesero vitro anapezedwa olimba m`mawere zotupa katemera ndi MDA-MB-231 maselo.
Kungotengera zotanuka ndi isotropic zida, zomwe sizili za zero m'magawo athanzi komanso zotupa, mwachitsanzo \(\sigma_{Hpq}\) ndi \(\sigma_{Tpq}\) - mverani lamulo la Hooke, chifukwa pamenepo ndizosiyana Lamé moduli , zomwe zimadziwika kuti \(\{ \mu_{H},\,\lambda_{H} \}\) ndi \(\{ \mu_{T},\, \lambda_ {T} \ }\) (onani Equation (A.11) kuti muwonetsetse zonse za zigawo zopanikizika zomwe zikuimiridwa mu SI).Makamaka, malinga ndi zomwe zili muzofotokozera 41 ndikuperekedwa mu Chithunzi 1, zotupa zomwe zikukula zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa minofu ya elasticity.Chifukwa chake, kusamuka komanso kupsinjika m'zigawo zokhala ndi chotupa zimatsimikiziridwa kwathunthu mpaka pagulu lazinthu zosadziwika \({{\varvec{\upxi}}}_{n} = \{\alpha_{n} ,{\mkern 1mu } \ beta_{ n} {\mkern 1mu} \gamma_{n} ,\eta_{n} \}\ ) ali ndi miyeso yopanda malire.Kuti mupeze ma coefficient vectors awa, malo oyenera olumikizirana ndi malire pakati pa chotupa ndi madera athanzi amayambitsidwa.Kungoganiza kuti kumangiriza koyenera pa mawonekedwe a chotupa-host \(r = a\), kupitiliza kwakusamuka ndi kupsinjika kumafuna izi:
System (7) imapanga dongosolo la ma equation okhala ndi mayankho opanda malire.Kuphatikiza apo, malire aliwonse amatengera zovuta \(\theta\).Kuchepetsa vuto la mtengo wamalire ku vuto lathunthu la algebraic ndi \(N\) seti za machitidwe otsekedwa, omwe ali osadziwika \({{\varvec{\upxi}}}_{n} = \{\alpha_ {n},{ \mkern 1mu} \beta_{n} {\mkern 1mu} \gamma_{n}, \eta_{n} \}_{n = 0,…,N}\) (ndi \ ( N \ ku \ infty \), mwachidziwitso), ndikuchotsa kudalira kwa equation pa mawu a trigonometric, mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe amalembedwa mofooka pogwiritsa ntchito orthogonality ya Legendre polynomials.Makamaka, equation (7)1,2 ndi (7)3,4 achulukitsidwa ndi \(P_{n} \left( {\cos \theta} \right)\) ndi \(P_{n}^{ 1} \kumanzere( {\cos\theta}\kumanja)\) ndiyeno phatikizani \(0\) ndi \(\pi\) pogwiritsa ntchito masamu:
Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe (7) amabwezeretsa quadratic algebraic equation system, yomwe imatha kuwonetsedwa mu mawonekedwe a matrix monga \({\ mathbb{D}}_{n} (a) \cdot {{\varvec{\upxi}} } _{ n} = {\ mathbf{q}}_{n} (a)\) ndikupeza zosadziwika \({{\varvec{\upxi}}}_{n}\ ) pothetsa lamulo la Cramer.
Kuyerekeza mphamvu flux anamwazikana ndi dera ndi kupeza zambiri za Yankho lamayimbidwe ake zochokera deta pa anamwazikana munda kufalitsa mu khamu sing'anga, ndi lamayimbidwe kuchuluka ndi chidwi, amene ndi normalized bistatic kumwazikana gawo mtanda.Makamaka, gawo lamtanda lobalalitsa, lotchulidwa \ (s), limawonetsa chiŵerengero chapakati pa mphamvu yamayimbidwe yomwe imafalitsidwa ndi chizindikiro chobalalika ndi kugawanika kwa mphamvu yoyendetsedwa ndi funde la zochitika.Pachifukwa ichi, kukula kwa mawonekedwe a ntchito \(\ kumanzere| {F_{\infty} \left(\theta \right)} \kumanja|^{2}\) ndi kuchuluka komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pophunzira makina omvera. ophatikizidwa mu madzi kapena olimba Kumwaza zinthu m'matope.Kunena zowona, matalikidwe a mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe amatanthauzidwa ngati gawo lobalalika losiyana \ (ds \) pagawo lililonse, lomwe limasiyana ndi momwe zimakhalira pakufalikira kwa mafundewa:
kumene \(f_{n}^{pp}\) ndi \(f_{n}^{ps}\) amatanthawuza ntchito ya modal, yomwe imatanthawuza chiŵerengero cha mphamvu za mafunde a nthawi yaitali ndi mafunde omwazikana chochitika P-wave mu sing'anga yolandirira, motsatana, amaperekedwa ndi mawu awa:
Mafunde ang'onoang'ono (10) amatha kuphunziridwa paokha malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha resonant scattering (RST) 49,50,51,52, chomwe chimapangitsa kulekanitsa chandamale chandamale kuchokera kumunda wonse wosochera pophunzira mitundu yosiyanasiyana.Malinga ndi njirayi, mawonekedwe a modal amatha kugawidwa kukhala magawo awiri ofanana, omwe ndi \(f_{n} = f_{n}^{(res)} + f_{n}^{(b)}\ ) zimagwirizana ndi ma resonant ndi nonresonant background amplitudes, motero.Ntchito ya mawonekedwe a resonant mode ikugwirizana ndi kuyankha kwa chandamale, pamene maziko nthawi zambiri amagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a omwaza.Kuti muzindikire mtundu woyamba wa chandamale pamtundu uliwonse, matalikidwe a mawonekedwe a resonance modal \(\ kumanzere| {f_{n}^{(res)} \left(\theta \kumanja)} \kumanja|\) imawerengeredwa potengera maziko olimba, opangidwa ndi mabwalo osasunthika muzinthu zotanuka.Lingaliro ili limalimbikitsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti, nthawi zambiri, kuuma ndi kachulukidwe kumawonjezeka ndi kukula kwa chotupacho chifukwa cha kupanikizika kotsalira.Chifukwa chake, pamlingo wovuta kwambiri wa kukula, chiŵerengero cha zotupa zolimba kwambiri \(\rho_{T} c_{1T} /\rho_{H} c_{1H}\) chikuyembekezeka kukhala chokulirapo kuposa 1 pa zotupa zolimba zazikulu zomwe zimakula pang'onopang'ono. minofu.Mwachitsanzo, Krouskop et al.53 idanenanso kuchuluka kwa khansa mpaka modulus wamba pafupifupi 4 pa minofu ya prostate, pomwe mtengowu udakwera mpaka 20 pamiyeso yam'mawere.Maubwenzi amenewa amasintha mosalephera kutsekeka kwa mamvekedwe a minofu, monga momwe zasonyezedweranso ndi kusanthula kwa elastography54,55,56, ndipo zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi makulidwe am'deralo omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chotupa.Kusiyanaku kwawonedwanso moyeserera ndi kuyezetsa kosavuta kwa zotupa za m'mawere zomwe zidakula pazigawo zosiyanasiyana32, ndipo kukonzanso zinthuzo kumatha kutsatiridwa bwino ndi mitundu yolosera yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotupa zomwe sizikukula motsatana43,44.Kuuma kwa data komwe kumapezeka kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kusinthika kwa Young modulus ya zotupa zolimba molingana ndi formula \(E_{T} = S\left({1 –\nu ^{2}}}\right)/a\sqrt\ varepsilon\ )( spheres with radius \(a\), stiffness \(S\) ndi Poisson's ratio \(\nu\) pakati pa mbale ziwiri zolimba 57, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1).Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kupeza miyeso yamayimbidwe am'mimba ya chotupacho ndi cholandiracho pamilingo yosiyanasiyana yakukula.Makamaka, poyerekeza ndi modulus ya minofu yachibadwa yofanana ndi 2 kPa mu mkuyu. mogwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedwa.mu maumboni 58, 59 adapezeka kuti kukakamiza kwa zitsanzo za minofu ya m'mawere ndi 0.25-4 kPa ndi kutayika koyambirira.Komanso ganizirani kuti chiŵerengero cha Poisson cha minofu pafupifupi incompressible ndi 41.60, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kachulukidwe ka minofu sikusintha kwambiri pamene voliyumu ikuwonjezeka.Makamaka, kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri \(\rho = 945\,{\text{kg}}\,{\text{m}}^{ - 3}\)61 amagwiritsidwa ntchito.Ndiziganizo izi, kuuma kumatha kutengera mbiri yakumbuyo pogwiritsa ntchito mawu awa:
Kumene zosadziwika zokhazikika \(\widehat{{{{\varvec{\upxi))))_{n} = \{\delta_{n} ,\upsilon_{n} \}\) zitha kuwerengedwa poganizira kupitiliza kukondera ( 7 )2,4, ndiko kuti, pothetsa dongosolo la algebraic \(\widehat{{\mathbb{D}}}_{n} (a) \cdot \widehat{({\varvec{\upxi}} } } _{n } = \widehat{{\mathbf{q}}}_{n} (a)\) okhudza ana\(\widehat{{\mathbb{D}}}_{n} (a) = \ {{\ mathbb{D}}_{n} (a)\}_{{\{ (1,3),(1,3)\} }}\) ndi vekitala yophweka yofananira\(\widehat {{\ mathbf {q}}}_{n} (а)\) Amapereka chidziwitso choyambirira mu equation (11), matalikidwe awiri a backscattering resonant mode \(\ left| {f_{n}^{{ \left( {res} \right)\,pp}} \left( \theta \right)} \right| = \left|{f_{n}^{pp} \left( \theta \right) - f_{ n}^{pp(b)} \left( \theta \right)} \right|\) ndi \( \left|{f_{n}^{{\ left({res} \right)\,ps} } \left( \theta \right)} \right|= \left|{f_{n}^{ps} \left( \theta \right) - f_{n}^{ps(b)} \left( \ theta \ kumanja)} \ kumanja|\) imatanthawuza kusangalatsa kwa mafunde a P-wave ndi kuwunikira kwa P- ndi S-wave, motsatana.Kupitilira apo, matalikidwe oyamba adayesedwa ngati \(\theta = \pi\), ndipo matalikidwe achiwiri adayesedwa ngati \(\theta = \pi/4\).Potsegula katundu wosiyanasiyana.Chithunzi 2 limasonyeza kuti resonant mbali za chotupa spheroids kwa pafupifupi 15 mm awiri ali makamaka anaikira mu pafupipafupi gulu la 50-400 kHz, zomwe zikusonyeza mwayi ntchito otsika pafupipafupi ultrasound kulimbikitsa resonant chotupa chisangalalo.maselo.Zambiri za.Mu gulu la ma frequency awa, kusanthula kwa RST kunavumbulutsa mawonekedwe amtundu umodzi wamitundu 1 mpaka 6, owonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3. pafupifupi 20 kHz pamayendedwe 1 mpaka 60 kHz a n = 6, osawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pamagawo ozungulira.Ma resonant function ps ndiye amawola, pomwe kuphatikiza kwa matalikidwe akulu a pp kumapereka nthawi yapafupifupi 60 kHz, kuwonetsa kusuntha kwafupipafupi ndi kuchuluka kwamachitidwe.Kusanthula konse kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yamakompyuta ya Mathematica®62.
Mawonekedwe a backscatter omwe amapezeka mu gawo la zotupa zam'mawere zamitundu yosiyanasiyana akuwonetsedwa mkuyu.
Mawonekedwe amitundu yosankhidwa kuchokera \(n = 1\) mpaka \(n = 6\), owerengedwa pa chisangalalo ndi chiwonetsero cha P-wave pamitundu yosiyana ya chotupa (mapindi akuda kuchokera \(\ kumanzere | {f_{n} ^) {{\ left({res} \right)\,pp}} \left(\pi \right)} \left| {f_{n}^{pp} \left ( \pi \ kumanja) -. f_{n }^ {pp(b)} \ kumanzere ( \pi \ kumanja)} \ kumanja|\)) ndi chisangalalo cha P-wave ndi chiwonetsero cha S-wave (ma curve otuwa operekedwa ndi mawonekedwe a modal \( \ kumanzere | { f_{n }^{{\ kumanzere( {res} \ kumanja)\,ps}} \ kumanzere ( {\ pi /4} \ kumanja)} \ kumanja = \ kumanzere | \kumanzere( {\pi /4} \kumanja) - f_{n}^{ps(b)} \left( {\pi /4} \kumanja)} \kumanja |\)).
Zotsatira za kusanthula koyambiriraku pogwiritsa ntchito mikhalidwe yakufalikira kumadera akutali zitha kuwongolera kusankha kwa ma frequency a drive-specific drive m'mawerengero otsatirawa kuti aphunzire momwe kupsinjika kwa microvibration kumathandizira pa unyinji.Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti kuwongolera kwamayendedwe oyenera kumatha kukhala kwanthawi yayitali pakukula kwa chotupa ndipo kumatha kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zamitundu yokulirapo kukhazikitsa njira zama biomechanical zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda kuti zilosere molondola kukonzanso kwa minofu.
Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa nanotechnology kukupangitsa asayansi kupeza mayankho ndi njira zatsopano zopangira zida zachipatala zocheperako komanso zowononga pang'ono zogwiritsa ntchito mu vivo.Munkhaniyi, ukadaulo wa LOF wawonetsa luso lodabwitsa lokulitsa luso la ulusi wa kuwala, zomwe zimathandizira kupanga zida zatsopano zowoneka bwino za fiber optic zogwiritsa ntchito sayansi ya moyo21, 63, 64, 65. Lingaliro la kuphatikiza zida za 2D ndi 3D ndi mankhwala omwe amafunidwa, biological, ndi kuwala kumbali 25 ndi / kapena mapeto 64 a ulusi wa kuwala ndi kulamulira kwathunthu kwa malo pa nanoscale kumabweretsa kutuluka kwa kalasi yatsopano ya fiber optic nanooptodes.ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zowunikira komanso zochizira.Chochititsa chidwi, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo a geometric ndi makina (gawo laling'ono, gawo lalikulu, kusinthasintha, kulemera kochepa) ndi biocompatibility ya zipangizo (nthawi zambiri magalasi kapena ma polima), ulusi wa kuwala ndi woyenera kuyika mu singano ndi catheter.Ntchito zachipatala20, kukonza njira ya masomphenya atsopano a "chipatala cha singano" (onani Chithunzi 4).
Ndipotu, chifukwa cha madigiri a ufulu woperekedwa ndi luso la LOF, pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa micro- ndi nanostructures zopangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zazitsulo ndi / kapena dielectric, ulusi wa kuwala ukhoza kuchitidwa bwino pa ntchito zina zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizira kusangalatsa kwa resonant mode., Munda wowala 21 uli wokhazikika.Kusungidwa kwa kuwala pamlingo wa subwavelength, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi mankhwala ndi/kapena biological processing63 ndi kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zovutirapo monga ma polima anzeru65,66 amatha kuwongolera kulumikizana kwa kuwala ndi zinthu, zomwe zingakhale zothandiza pazamankhwala.Kusankhidwa kwa mtundu ndi kukula kwa zigawo / zipangizo zophatikizika mwachiwonekere zimadalira pazigawo za thupi, zamoyo kapena mankhwala kuti zizindikire21,63.
Kuphatikizika kwa ma probe a LOF mu singano zachipatala zopita kumalo enaake m'thupi kumathandizira kuti ma biopsies amadzimadzi am'deralo ndi minofu mu vivo, kulola chithandizo chanthawi yomweyo, kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa ndikuwonjezera mphamvu.Mwayi womwe ungakhalepo umaphatikizapo kuzindikira ma biomolecules osiyanasiyana ozungulira, kuphatikiza khansa.ma biomarkers kapena ma microRNAs (miRNAs)67, chizindikiritso cha minyewa ya khansa pogwiritsa ntchito zowonera zofananira komanso zopanda mzere monga Raman spectroscopy (SERS)31, chithunzithunzi chapamwamba chazithunzi22,28,68, opaleshoni ya laser ndi ablation69, ndi mankhwala operekera m'deralo pogwiritsa ntchito light27 ndi chitsogozo chodziwikiratu cha singano m'thupi la munthu20.Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa kuwala kumapewa zovuta za njira za "classical" zozikidwa pa zida zamagetsi, monga kufunikira kwa kulumikizana kwamagetsi komanso kupezeka kwa kusokoneza kwamagetsi, izi zimapangitsa kuti masensa osiyanasiyana a LOF azitha kuphatikizidwa bwino. dongosolo.singano imodzi yachipatala.Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa pakuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa monga kuipitsa, kusokonezedwa kwa kuwala, zotchinga zakuthupi zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira za crosstalk pakati pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.Komabe, ndizowonanso kuti ntchito zambiri zotchulidwa siziyenera kukhala zogwira ntchito nthawi imodzi.Mbali imeneyi imapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuchepetsa kusokoneza, potero kuchepetsa zotsatira zoipa pa ntchito ya kafukufuku aliyense ndi kulondola kwa ndondomekoyi.Mfundozi zimatithandiza kuona lingaliro la "singano m'chipatala" monga masomphenya ophweka kuti akhazikitse maziko olimba a m'badwo wotsatira wa singano zochizira mu sayansi ya moyo.
Pankhani ya momwe tafotokozera m'nkhani ino, mu gawo lotsatira tidzafufuza momwe singano yachipatala imatha kuwongolera mafunde akupanga mu minofu ya anthu pogwiritsa ntchito kufalikira kwawo.
Kufalikira kwa mafunde akupanga kudzera mu singano yamankhwala yodzazidwa ndi madzi ndikuyika mu minofu yofewa (onani chithunzi mumkuyu 5a) idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yamalonda ya Comsol Multiphysics pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomaliza (FEM) 70, pomwe singano ndi minofu zimatengera monga liniya zotanuka chilengedwe.
Ponena za Chithunzi 5b, singanoyo imapangidwa ngati silinda yopanda kanthu (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "cannula") yopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chinthu chokhazikika cha singano zachipatala71.Makamaka, idapangidwa ndi Young's modulus E = 205 GPa, chiŵerengero cha Poisson ν = 0.28, ndi kachulukidwe ρ = 7850 kg m −372.73.Geometrically, singano imadziwika ndi kutalika kwa L, mkati mwake D (yomwe imatchedwanso "chilolezo") ndi makulidwe a khoma t.Kuonjezera apo, nsonga ya singano imatengedwa kuti ndi yokhotakhota pa ngodya α ponena za mayendedwe a longitudinal (z).Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumafanana ndi mawonekedwe a mkati mwa singano.Pakuwunika koyambiriraku, singanoyo inkaganiziridwa kuti imamizidwa kwathunthu m'chigawo cha minofu (yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ikukula mpaka kalekale), yopangidwa ngati gawo la radius rs, yomwe idakhalabe yokhazikika pa 85 mm nthawi zonse zofananira.Mwatsatanetsatane, timamaliza dera lozungulira ndi gawo lofananira bwino (PML), lomwe limachepetsa mafunde osafunika omwe amawonekera kuchokera kumalire "ongoyerekeza".Kenako tinasankha ma radius rs kuti tiyike malire ozungulira ozungulira kutali kwambiri ndi singano kuti asakhudze njira yowerengera, komanso yaying'ono mokwanira kuti isakhudze mtengo wowerengera woyerekeza.
Kusinthasintha kwakutali kwakutali kwa f ndi matalikidwe A kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kumalire apansi a stylus geometry;Izi zikuyimira chilimbikitso chothandizira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku geometry yoyeserera.Pamalire otsala a singano (pokhudzana ndi minofu ndi madzi), chitsanzo chovomerezeka chimatengedwa kuti chikuphatikizana ndi zochitika ziwiri zakuthupi, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi zomangamanga (zachigawo cha singano), ndi winayo amangoganiza za zomangamanga.(kwa dera la acicular), kotero mikhalidwe yofananira imayikidwa pa ma acoustics (kwa madzi ndi dera la acicular)74.Makamaka, kugwedeza kwakung'ono komwe kumayikidwa pampando wa singano kumayambitsa kusokoneza kwamagetsi pang'ono;motero, poganiza kuti singano imakhala ngati sing'anga yotanuka, vekitala yosunthira U imatha kuwerengedwa kuchokera ku elastodynamic equilibrium equation (Navier)75.Mapangidwe oscillation a singano amayambitsa kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi mkati mwake (amawonedwa ngati osasunthika pachitsanzo chathu), chifukwa chake mafunde amawu amafalikira mbali yotalikirapo ya singano, makamaka kumvera Helmholtz equation76.Potsirizira pake, poganiza kuti zotsatira zopanda malire mu minofu ndizosawerengeka komanso kuti matalikidwe a mafunde akumeta ubweya ndi ochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi matalikidwe a mafunde amphamvu, Helmholtz equation ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito powonetsera kufalikira kwa mafunde omveka mu minofu yofewa.Pambuyo pafupifupi izi, minofu imatengedwa ngati liquid77 ndi osalimba 1000 makilogalamu/m3 ndi liwiro la phokoso 1540 m/s (kunyalanyaza pafupipafupi amadalira damping zotsatira).Kulumikiza magawo awiriwa thupi, m'pofunika kuonetsetsa kupitiriza kuyenda bwinobwino pa malire a olimba ndi madzi, ndi malo amodzi equilibrium pakati kuthamanga ndi kupsyinjika perpendicular kwa malire a olimba, ndi tangential kupsyinjika pa malire a madzi ayenera kukhala ofanana ndi ziro.75 .
Pakuwunika kwathu, timafufuza za kufalikira kwa mafunde acoustic pa singano pansi pamikhalidwe yokhazikika, kuyang'ana kwambiri kutengera kwa geometry ya singano pakutulutsa kwa mafunde mkati mwa minofu.Makamaka, tidafufuza mphamvu ya m'mimba mwake ya singano D, kutalika kwa L ndi ngodya ya bevel α, ndikusunga makulidwe a t kukhala 500 µm pamilandu yonse yophunziridwa.Mtengo uwu wa t uli pafupi ndi makulidwe amtundu wa 71 wa singano zamalonda.
Popanda kutayika kwanthawi zonse, ma frequency f a kusamuka kwa ma harmonic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamunsi pa singano adatengedwa wofanana ndi 100 kHz, ndipo matalikidwe A anali 1 μm.Makamaka, mafupipafupi adakhazikitsidwa kukhala 100 kHz, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuyerekeza kowunikira komwe kwaperekedwa mu gawo la "Kusanthula kwamisala kwa zotupa zozungulira kuti muyerekeze ma frequency otengera kukula kwa ultrasound", pomwe machitidwe owoneka ngati chotupa adapezeka. maulendo afupipafupi a 50-400 kHz, omwe ali ndi matalikidwe obalalika kwambiri omwe amakhazikika pamafupipafupi otsika pafupi ndi 100-200 kHz (onani mkuyu 2).
Gawo loyamba lophunziridwa linali lamkati D la singano.Kuti zitheke, zimatanthauzidwa ngati kachigawo kakang'ono ka kutalika kwa mafunde amphamvu m'kati mwa singano (ie, m'madzi λW = 1.5 mm).Zoonadi, zochitika za kufalikira kwa mafunde pazida zodziwika ndi geometry yoperekedwa (mwachitsanzo, mu waveguide) nthawi zambiri zimadalira kukula kwa mawonekedwe a geometry omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi kutalika kwa mafunde ofalikira.Kuphatikiza apo, pakuwunika koyamba, kuti titsindike bwino momwe kuchuluka kwa m'mimba mwake D kumafalitsira mafunde amawu kudzera mu singano, tidawona nsonga yathyathyathya, ndikuyika ngodya α = 90 °.Pakuwunika uku, kutalika kwa singano L kunakhazikitsidwa pa 70 mm.
Pa mkuyu.6a ikuwonetsa kuchulukira kwa mawu ngati ntchito ya sikelo yopanda malire SD, mwachitsanzo, D = λW/SD yoyesedwa mugawo lokhala ndi mamilimita 10 okhazikika pansonga ya singano yofananira.The makulitsidwe parameter SD kusintha kuchokera 2 mpaka 6, mwachitsanzo, timaona D makhalidwe kuyambira 7.5 mm kuti 2.5 mm (pa f = 100 kHz).Mtunduwu umaphatikizansopo mtengo wokhazikika wa 71 wa singano zachipatala zosapanga dzimbiri.Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa, kukula kwa singano mkati mwa singano kumakhudza kukula kwa phokoso lotulutsidwa ndi singano, ndi mtengo wapamwamba (1030 W / m2) wofanana ndi D = λW/3 (ie D = 5 mm) ndi kuchepa kwa chizolowezi chochepa. awiri.Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti m'mimba mwake D ndi geometric parameter yomwe imakhudzanso kuwonongeka kwa chipangizo chachipatala, kotero mbali yovutayi siingakhoze kunyalanyazidwa posankha mtengo wabwino kwambiri.Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuchepa kwa D kumachitika chifukwa cha kutsika kwamphamvu kwamayimbidwe mu minofu, pamaphunziro otsatirawa, m'mimba mwake D = λW/5, mwachitsanzo, D = 3 mm (amayenderana ndi muyezo wa 11G71 pa f = 100 kHz) , imatengedwa ngati kusagwirizana koyenera pakati pa kulowerera kwa chipangizo ndi kufalikira kwamphamvu (avareji pafupifupi 450 W/m2).
Kuchuluka kwa mawu omwe amamveka ndi nsonga ya singano (yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ndi yathyathyathya), kutengera kukula kwa singano (a), kutalika (b) ndi ngodya ya bevel α (c).Kutalika mu (a, c) ndi 90 mm, ndipo m'mimba mwake (b, c) ndi 3 mm.
Chotsatira chotsatira chomwe chiyenera kufufuzidwa ndi kutalika kwa singano L. Monga momwe tafotokozera m'mbuyomu, timaganizira za oblique angle α = 90 ° ndipo kutalika kwake kumayesedwa ngati kuchulukitsa kwa kutalika kwa mafunde m'madzi, mwachitsanzo, ganizirani L = SL λW. .Dimensionless scale parameter SL imasinthidwa kuchoka ku 3 ndi 7, motero kuyerekezera kukula kwa phokoso lotulutsidwa ndi nsonga ya singano muutali kuchokera pa 4.5 mpaka 10.5 mm.Mtunduwu umaphatikizanso zinthu zomwe zimafanana ndi singano zamalonda.Zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.6b, kusonyeza kuti kutalika kwa singano, L, ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa kufala kwa mawu mwamphamvu mu minofu.Mwachindunji, kukhathamiritsa kwa chizindikirochi kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kupititsa patsogolo kufalikira ndi kuchuluka kwake.M'malo mwake, muutali wowunikiridwa, kuchuluka kwa mawu kumatengera kuchuluka kwapafupipafupi kwa 3116 W/m2 pa SL = 4 (ie, L = 60 mm), ndipo inayo ikufanana ndi SL = 6 (ie, L = 90). mm).
Pambuyo pofufuza mphamvu ya m'mimba mwake ndi kutalika kwa singano pa kufalitsa kwa ultrasound mu cylindrical geometry, tinayang'ana pa mphamvu ya bevel angle pa kufalitsa mphamvu ya mawu mu minofu.Kuchuluka kwa phokoso lochokera ku nsonga ya fiber kunayesedwa ngati ntchito ya ngodya α, kusintha mtengo wake kuchokera ku 10 ° (nsonga yakuthwa) mpaka 90 ° (nsonga yosalala).Pachifukwa ichi, utali wa gawo lophatikizana lozungulira nsonga ya singano inali 20 mm, kotero kuti pamtengo wonse wa α, nsonga ya singano idaphatikizidwa mu voliyumu yowerengedwa kuyambira avareji.
Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.6c, pamene nsonga ikuwongoleredwa, mwachitsanzo, pamene α ikuchepa kuyambira 90 °, mphamvu ya mawu opatsirana imawonjezeka, kufika pamtengo wapatali pafupifupi 1.5 × 105 W / m2, yomwe imagwirizana ndi α = 50 °, ie, 2. ndi dongosolo la ukulu wokwera poyerekeza ndi dziko lathyathyathya.Ndi kuwongolanso kwa nsonga (ie, pa α pansi pa 50 °), kulimba kwa mawu kumatsika, kufika pamtengo wofanana ndi nsonga yophwanyika.Komabe, ngakhale tidalingalira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma bevel pazoyerekeza zathu, ndikofunikira kulingalira kuti kunola nsonga ndikofunikira kuti tithandizire kuyika singano mu minofu.M'malo mwake, mbali yaying'ono ya bevel (pafupifupi 10 °) imatha kuchepetsa mphamvu 78 yofunikira kulowa m'minyewa.
Kuphatikiza pa kufunikira kwa mphamvu ya phokoso yomwe imaperekedwa mkati mwa minofu, mbali ya bevel imakhudzanso kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka mafunde, monga momwe tawonetsera m'mawu omveka a ma graph omwe akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 7a (kwa nsonga yosalala) ndi 3b (kwa 10 °). ).nsonga ya beveled), yofanana Kuwongolera kwautali kumawunikidwa mu ndege ya symmetry (yz, cf. Mkuyu 5).Pazovuta zamalingaliro awiriwa, kuthamanga kwa mawu (kotchedwa 1 µPa) kumakhazikika mkati mwa singano (ie m'madzi) ndikuwululira mu minofu.Mwatsatanetsatane, pa nkhani ya nsonga lathyathyathya (mkuyu. 7a), kugawa phokoso kuthamanga mlingo mwangwiro symmetrical polemekeza longitudinal malangizo, ndi kuyimirira mafunde akhoza kusiyanitsidwa mu madzi kudzaza thupi.Mafundewa amayang'ana motalika (z-axis), matalikidwe amafika pamtengo wake wambiri m'madzi (pafupifupi 240 dB) ndipo amachepetsa mopingasa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti attenuation ya 20 dB pamtunda wa 10 mm kuchokera pakati pa singano.Monga momwe zikuyembekezeredwa, kuyambika kwa nsonga yowongoka (mkuyu 7b) kumaphwanya symmetry iyi, ndipo ma antinodes a mafunde oima "amapotoza" molingana ndi nsonga ya singano.Zikuoneka kuti asymmetry izi zimakhudza mphamvu poizoniyu wa singano nsonga, monga tafotokozera kale (mkuyu. 6c).Kuti mumvetsetse bwino mbali iyi, mphamvu yamayimbidwe idawunikidwa pamzere wodulidwa wa orthogonal kupita kunjira yotalikirapo ya singano, yomwe inali mu ndege yofanana ya singano ndipo ili pamtunda wa 10 mm kuchokera kunsonga ya singano ( zotsatira mu Chithunzi 7c).Mwachindunji, kugawidwa kwamphamvu kwa mawu kumayesedwa pa 10 °, 20 ° ndi 30 ° oblique angles (mizere yabuluu, yofiira ndi yobiriwira yolimba, motsatira) inafaniziridwa ndi kugawa pafupi ndi mapeto athyathyathya (mapindikidwe akuda).Kufalikira kwamphamvu komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi singano zathyathyathya kumawoneka ngati kofanana pakati pa singanoyo.Makamaka, zimatengera mtengo wa pafupifupi 1420 W/m2 pakati, kusefukira kwa pafupifupi 300 W/m2 pa mtunda wa ~ 8 mm, ndiyeno kutsika mpaka mtengo wa pafupifupi 170 W/m2 pa ~ 30 mm. .Pamene nsonga ikuwonekera, lobe yapakati imagawanika kukhala ma lobes amphamvu mosiyanasiyana.Mwachindunji, pamene α inali 30 °, ma petals atatu amatha kusiyanitsa momveka bwino mu mbiri yoyezedwa pa 1 mm kuchokera kunsonga kwa singano.Yapakati ili pafupi pakati pa singano ndipo imakhala ndi mtengo wa 1850 W / m2, ndipo yapamwamba kumanja ili pafupi 19 mm kuchokera pakati ndikufikira 2625 W / m2.Pa α = 20 °, pali 2 lobes: imodzi pa -12 mm pa 1785 W / m2 ndi imodzi pa 14 mm pa 1524 W / m2.Pamene nsongayo imakhala yakuthwa ndipo ngodya ikufika 10 °, kufika pa 817 W / m2 kufika pafupifupi -20 mm, ndipo ma lobes atatu ocheperako pang'ono amawonekera pambali pa mbiriyo.
Kuthamanga kwa mawu mu ndege ya symmetry y–z ya singano yokhala ndi mapeto athyathyathya (a) ndi 10 ° bevel (b).(c) Acoustic mphamvu yogawa akuyerekeza pamodzi odulidwa mzere perpendicular kwa longitudinal malangizo a singano, pa mtunda wa 10 mm kuchokera nsonga ya singano ndi kugona mu ndege symmetry yz.Kutalika L ndi 70 mm ndipo m'mimba mwake D ndi 3 mm.
Kutengera pamodzi, zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti singano zachipatala zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera kutumiza ma ultrasound pa 100 kHz kukhala minofu yofewa.Kuchuluka kwa mawu otulutsa kumadalira ma geometry a singano ndipo kumatha kukulitsidwa (kutengera zoletsa zomwe zimayikidwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chipangizo chomaliza) mpaka pamitengo ya 1000 W / m2 (pa 10 mm).amagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa singano 1. Pankhani ya micrometer kuchepetsa, singano imaonedwa kuti imalowetsedwa mokwanira mu minofu yofewa yowonjezereka.Makamaka, mbali ya bevel imakhudza kwambiri kukula ndi kayendetsedwe ka kufalikira kwa mafunde a phokoso mu minofu, yomwe imatsogolera ku orthogonality ya kudula kwa singano.
Pofuna kuthandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zatsopano zochizira chotupa potengera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamankhwala zosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kufalikira kwa ma ultrasound otsika pafupipafupi m'malo otupa adawunikidwa mosanthula komanso mowerengera.Makamaka, mu gawo loyamba la phunziroli, njira yosakhalitsa ya elastodynamic inatilola kuti tiphunzire kufalikira kwa mafunde akupanga mu olimba chotupa spheroids odziwika kukula ndi stiffness kuti tiphunzire pafupipafupi tilinazo misa.Kenako, ma frequency a dongosolo la mazana a kilohertz adasankhidwa, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito komweko kwa kugwedezeka kwamphamvu m'malo a chotupacho pogwiritsa ntchito singano yachipatala kudapangidwa mofananiza ndi manambala powerenga kutengera kwa magawo akulu omwe amatsimikizira kusamutsidwa kwa ma acoustic. mphamvu ya chida kwa chilengedwe.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti singano zachipatala zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera kuti ziwongolere minofu ndi ultrasound, ndipo kulimba kwake kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi gawo la singano la singano, lotchedwa working acoustic wavelength.M'malo mwake, mphamvu ya kuwala kudzera mu minofu imawonjezeka ndikuwonjezeka mkati mwa singano, kufika pazipita pamene m'mimba mwake ndi katatu kutalika kwa kutalika kwake.Kutalika kwa singano kumaperekanso ufulu wowonjezera kuwonetseredwa.Chotsatira chomalizacho chimakulitsidwa kwambiri pamene kutalika kwa singano kumayikidwa kuchulukidwe china cha kutalika kwa ntchito (makamaka 4 ndi 6).Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yachidwi, makulidwe ake ndi kutalika kwake ndi pafupi ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati singano zamalonda.Mbali ya bevel, yomwe imatsimikizira kukula kwa singano, imakhudzanso kutulutsa mpweya, kukwera pamtunda wa 50 ° ndikupereka ntchito yabwino pafupifupi 10 °, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga singano zamalonda..Zotsatira zofananitsa zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsogolera kukhazikitsidwa ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa chipatala cha intraneedle diagnostic platform, kuphatikiza matenda ndi chithandizo cha ultrasound ndi njira zina zochiritsira zomwe zili mu chipangizo ndikuzindikira njira zothandizira mankhwala ogwirizana.
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